{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:39:17Z","timestamp":1790959157392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004917","name":"Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007827","name":"American College of Gastroenterology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007827","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009560","name":"American Gastroenterological Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000861","name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001368","name":"V Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001368","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T20:54:11Z","timestamp":1632171251000},"page":"e1157-e1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Cachexia is Prevalent in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Associated With Worse Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-8818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Rich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Phen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirali","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sukul","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Yopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju Dong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Marrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puneeth","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodney E.","family":"Infante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit G.","family":"Singal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.060","article-title":"Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.019","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in United States veterans is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"14","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9258","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of prognosis in patients following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"100","author":"Harimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25950","article-title":"Performance status in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: determinants, prognostic impact, and ability to improve the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system","volume":"57","author":"Hsu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318293a825","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a prognostic index of nutritional status in concurrent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Meza-Junco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.01.028","article-title":"Frailty associated with waitlist mortality independent of ascites and hepatic encephalopathy in a multicenter study","volume":"156","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14675","article-title":"Physical frailty after liver transplantation","volume":"18","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29219","article-title":"Development of a novel frailty index to predict mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease","volume":"66","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.121221","article-title":"Cachexia-associated adipose loss induced by tumor-secreted leukemia inhibitory factor is counterbalanced by decreased leptin","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00016.2008","article-title":"Mechanisms of cancer cachexia","volume":"89","author":"Tisdale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v7.i4.17","article-title":"Cancer cachexia, mechanism and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Aoyagi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/rco2.24","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors suppress cancer cachexia-associated anorexia and adipose wasting in mice","volume":"3","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCSM Rapid Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.025239","article-title":"Impact of socioeconomic status on pretreatment weight loss and survival in non\u2013small-cell lung cancer","volume":"14","author":"Lau","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.025221","article-title":"Prevalence and survival impact of pretreatment cancer-associated weight loss: a tool for guiding early palliative care","volume":"14","author":"Gannavarapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oncol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-008-0505-z","article-title":"Cachexia worsens prognosis in patients with resectable pancreatic cancer","volume":"12","author":"Bachmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/dox073","article-title":"Variation by stage in the effects of prediagnosis weight loss on mortality in a prospective cohort of esophageal cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6601620","article-title":"Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids","volume":"90","author":"Moses","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29913","article-title":"Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"68","author":"Marrero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15917","article-title":"Sex disparities in presentation and prognosis of 1110 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"52","author":"Rich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.05.039","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in presentation and outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Rich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.7105","article-title":"Comparative analysis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis\u2013versus viral hepatitis\u2013and alcohol-related liver disease\u2013related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Hester","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007122","article-title":"Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification","volume":"19","author":"Llovet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.022","article-title":"ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in liver disease","volume":"38","author":"Plauth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-828","article-title":"Emerging markers of cachexia predict survival in cancer patients","volume":"14","author":"Mondello","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12005","article-title":"Evaluating potential biomarkers of cachexia and survival in skeletal muscle of upper gastrointestinal cancer patients","volume":"6","author":"Stephens","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-019-1115-1","article-title":"Prevalence and overlap of sarcopenia, frailty, cachexia and malnutrition in older medical inpatients","volume":"19","author":"Gingrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010116","article-title":"A\u00a0pound of flesh: what cachexia is and what it is not","volume":"11","author":"Berardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib29","article-title":"High neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and delta neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio are associated with increased mortality in patients with hepatocellular cancer","author":"Rich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1714-3","article-title":"The prognostic significance of the prognostic nutritional index in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"140","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32049","article-title":"Malnutrition, frailty, and sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis: 2021 practice guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases","volume":"74","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.01.025","article-title":"Sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis","volume":"75","author":"Tandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.443","article-title":"The Liver Frailty Index improves mortality prediction of the subjective clinician assessment in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2014.09.008","article-title":"Correlation between the international consensus definition of the Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome (CACS) and patient-centered outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"49","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1073753","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of cachexia in advanced cancer patients and analysis on its diagnostic and treatment status","volume":"67","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12402","article-title":"Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Anker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31159","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrates heterogeneous growth patterns in a multicenter cohort of patients with cirrhosis","volume":"72","author":"Rich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib38","first-page":"401","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma tumour volume doubling time: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Nathani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.10.013","article-title":"Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies","volume":"44","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0787-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia\u2014pathophysiology and management","volume":"48","author":"Suzuki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2014.10.014","article-title":"Cachexia: a preventable comorbidity of cancer. A T.A.R.G.E.T. approach","volume":"94","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000078983.18774.cc","article-title":"Cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia","volume":"6","author":"Argil\u00e9s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356521010363?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356521010363?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:38:34Z","timestamp":1761543514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356521010363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356521010363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cachexia is Prevalent in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Associated With Worse Prognosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.09.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 by the AGA Institute","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}