{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:52:28Z","timestamp":1769820748327,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":356,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T02:33:26Z","timestamp":1657247606000},"page":"1252-1260.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Prevalence and Determinants of NAFLD and MAFLD and Their Severity in the VA Primary Care Setting"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0084-5308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron P.","family":"Thrift","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Codey","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fasiha","family":"Kanwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Loomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao T.","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ramsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hashem B.","family":"El-Serag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00523-4","article-title":"NAFLD Consensus Consortium. Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: a consensus statement","volume":"19","author":"Lazarus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.039","article-title":"A\u00a0new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement","volume":"73","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.312","article-title":"MAFLD: a consensus-driven proposed nomenclature for metabolic associated fatty liver disease","volume":"158","author":"Eslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14548","article-title":"Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world","volume":"40","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14828","article-title":"Prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD, and associated advanced fibrosis in the contemporary United States population","volume":"41","author":"Ciardullo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324191","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of incident extrahepatic cancers: a meta-analysis of observational cohort studies","volume":"71","author":"Mantovani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14937","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis without cirrhosis compared to other liver diseases","volume":"48","author":"Stine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.05.002","article-title":"Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"20","author":"Orci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00308-3","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mantovani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14675","article-title":"MAFLD identifies patients with significant hepatic fibrosis better than NAFLD","volume":"40","author":"Yamamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25993","article-title":"Multicentric Group from ANRS\/HC\/EP23 FIBROSTAR Studies. Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by transient elastography","volume":"57","author":"Boursier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.008","article-title":"Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography","volume":"48","author":"Castera","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23312","article-title":"Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"51","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29639","article-title":"Optimal threshold of controlled attenuation parameter with MRI-PDFF as the gold standard for the detection of hepatic steatosis","volume":"67","author":"Caussy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.05.025","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis - 2021 update","volume":"75","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib18","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with NAFLD detected by vibration controlled transient elastography among US adults: results from NHANES 2017-2018","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.067","article-title":"Women have a lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but a higher risk of progression vs men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.09.041","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence, severity, and outcomes in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Rich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0283-5","article-title":"Smoking and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195147","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for the onset of fatty liver disease in nondrinkers: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.03.006","article-title":"Causal relationships between NAFLD, T2D and obesity have implications for disease subphenotyping","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2018.1460202","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.043","article-title":"Vibration-controlled transient elastography to assess fibrosis and steatosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"17","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.12.022","article-title":"Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) technology for assessing steatosis","volume":"66","author":"Karlas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.049","article-title":"Clinical care pathway for the risk stratification and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"161","author":"Kanwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356522006036?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356522006036?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:42:37Z","timestamp":1761543757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356522006036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356522006036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Prevalence and Determinants of NAFLD and MAFLD and Their Severity in the VA Primary Care Setting","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.046","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the AGA Institute","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}