{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T09:10:25Z","timestamp":1792919425027,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":357,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T06:10:11Z","timestamp":1664777411000},"page":"1617-1626.e9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Environmental Pollutants Are Associated With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Commercially Insured Cohort of California Residents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip N.","family":"Okafor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adegboyega","family":"Olayode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Sonu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Neshatian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Charu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.06.067","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"154","author":"Dellon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.055","article-title":"Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"140","author":"Cosnes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000972","article-title":"An increasing incidence of upper gastrointestinal disorders over 23 years: a prospective population-based study in Sweden","volume":"116","author":"Andreasson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30077-2","article-title":"Globalisation of inflammatory bowel disease: perspectives from the evolution of inflammatory bowel disease in the UK and China","volume":"1","author":"Kaplan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz139","article-title":"Viewpoint: inflammatory bowel diseases among immigrants from low- to high-incidence countries: opportunities and considerations","volume":"14","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321798","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases among first-generation and second-generation immigrants in Denmark: a population-based cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SH, Park Y, Kim SP, et\u00a0al. Shift to a younger age and regional differences in inflammatory bowel disease in Korea: using healthcare administrative data. Dig Dis Sci 2022 Jan 30 [E-pub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07328-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.136","article-title":"Environmental triggers in IBD: a review of progress and evidence","volume":"15","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303661","article-title":"Geographical variability and environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"62","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s10388-022-00926-5","article-title":"Increasing incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis in Sweden: a nationwide population study","volume":"19","author":"Garber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Esophagus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2021.07.032","article-title":"The role of the environment in eosinophilic esophagitis","volume":"9","author":"Cianferoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143718","article-title":"Review article: epidemiological and animal evidence for the role of air pollution in intestinal diseases","volume":"757","author":"Vignal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062220","article-title":"Environmental particulate matter induces murine intestinal inflammatory responses and alters the gut microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Kish","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11371","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i40.11371","article-title":"Role of environmental pollution in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Marynowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109485","article-title":"Impact of air quality on the gastrointestinal microbiome: a review","volume":"186","author":"Dujardin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.11.046","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and the composition of the gut microbiota in overweight and obese adolescents","volume":"161","author":"Alderete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18135","article-title":"Is long-term ambient air pollutant exposure a risk factor for irritable bowel syndrome in children? A 12-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105676","article-title":"Ambient air pollution\u00a0and the risk of pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"138","author":"Elten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn218","article-title":"The association between water supply and inflammatory bowel disease based on a 1990-1993 cohort study in southeastern Norway","volume":"168","author":"Aamodt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2963","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4249-4","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a European nested case-control study","volume":"61","author":"Opstelten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047669","article-title":"Non-specific abdominal pain and air pollution: a novel association","volume":"7","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21455","article-title":"Ambient air pollution correlates with hospitalizations for inflammatory bowel disease: an ecologic analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib23","series-title":"CalEnviroScreen 3.0: California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.252","article-title":"The inflammatory bowel diseases and ambient air pollution: a novel association","volume":"105","author":"Kaplan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108923","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and biomarkers of gut inflammation and permeability in a community with high exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances through drinking water","volume":"181","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13932","article-title":"Food impactions in Eosinophilic esophagitis and acute exposures to fine particulate pollution","volume":"74","author":"May Maestas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100499","article-title":"Air pollution and indoor settings","volume":"14","author":"Rosario Filho","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.394","article-title":"Surgical rates for Crohn's disease are decreasing: a population-based time trend analysis and validation study","volume":"112","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-1074-z","article-title":"Validation of ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes for inflammatory bowel disease among veterans","volume":"55","author":"Thirumurthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356522009235?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356522009235?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:43:35Z","timestamp":1761543815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356522009235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356522009235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental Pollutants Are Associated With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a Commercially Insured Cohort of California Residents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.09.025","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 by the AGA Institute","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}