{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:08:33Z","timestamp":1791472113319,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":393,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M and Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T12:16:02Z","timestamp":1756383362000},"page":"S1-S60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"S","title":["Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3067-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uma","family":"Mahadevan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia H.","family":"Seow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Julsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunanda","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siew","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Watermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Yamamoto-Furusho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gearry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Duricova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Dubinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millie","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahla Ali","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wafaa","family":"Badre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupa","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Dotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Ferrante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Finlayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Hokari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Ibanez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Juliao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leolin","family":"Katsidzira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Sambuelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Selinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Chen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyrla","family":"Zaltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Arima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng Chun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Brosbol Ravnborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Treza Njeri","family":"Mwaura-Ruhio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Rous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib1","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. Final rule on the content and formation of a New Drug Application 1998;(21 CFR \u00a7314.50 (d)(5))."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.11.038","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to biologics and thiopurines among women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"160","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05130.x","article-title":"Patients\u2019 knowledge of pregnancy-related issues in inflammatory bowel disease and validation of a novel assessment tool (\u2018CCPKnow\u2019)","volume":"36","author":"Selinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwz036","article-title":"Pregnancy-related beliefs and concerns of inflammatory bowel disease patients modified after accessing e-health portal","volume":"4","author":"Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20082","article-title":"Voluntary childlessness is increased in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Marri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.10.001","article-title":"Pregnancy and IBD treatment: this challenging interplay from a patients\u2019 perspective","volume":"4","author":"Mountifield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib8","series-title":"The RAND\/UCLA Appropriateness Method User\u2019s Manual","author":"FItch","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.015","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Balshem","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE Working Group. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.02.001","article-title":"The AGA institute process for developing clinical practice guidelines part one: grading the evidence","volume":"11","author":"Sultan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib12","unstructured":"PIANO. PIANO Global Consensus. Available at: https:\/\/pianostudy.org\/conference.php. Accessed September 10, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.50","article-title":"Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study 1977\u20132011","volume":"110","author":"Moller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001146","article-title":"The association between maternal chronic inflammatory bowel disease and long-term health outcomes in children\u2014a nationwide cohort study","volume":"23","author":"J\u00f8lving","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01526.x","article-title":"Risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease among offspring of patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"94","author":"Orholm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.496","article-title":"Familial association of inflammatory bowel diseases with other autoimmune and related diseases","volume":"105","author":"Hemminki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.054","article-title":"Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study in South Korea","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16938","article-title":"Age determines the risk of familial inflammatory bowel disease\u2014a nationwide study","volume":"56","author":"Halfvarson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib19","first-page":"2241","article-title":"Differences in risk of Crohn\u2019s disease in offspring of mothers and fathers with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"92","author":"Akolkar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.910834","article-title":"Cesarean delivery and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21805","article-title":"Cesarean section and offspring\u2019s risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Bager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib22","first-page":"46","article-title":"Baby;s first organ","volume":"317","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.042","article-title":"Why is placentation abnormal in preeclampsia?","volume":"213","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib24","first-page":"457","article-title":"Placental inflammation is not increased in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Taleban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100884","article-title":"Early life exposures and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"36","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.05.005","article-title":"Maternal prenatal smoking and long-term gastrointestinal morbidity of the offspring: a population-based cohort analysis","volume":"103","author":"Karur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.06.060","article-title":"Peripartum antibiotics promote gut dysbiosis, loss of immune tolerance, and inflammatory bowel disease in genetically prone offspring","volume":"20","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142536","article-title":"Antepartum antibiotic treatment increases offspring susceptibility to experimental colitis: a role of the gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Munyaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-017-0075-5","article-title":"Intergenerational transfer of antibiotic-perturbed microbiota enhances colitis in susceptible mice","volume":"3","author":"Schulfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuw061","article-title":"Early-life origin of intestinal inflammatory disorders","volume":"75","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314352","article-title":"Fetal and early life antibiotics exposure and very early onset inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study","volume":"68","author":"\u00d6rtqvist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327724","article-title":"Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and risk of IBD in offspring: a population-based cohort study","volume":"72","author":"Agrawal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac111","article-title":"Risk factors for developing inflammatory bowel disease within and across families with a family history of IBD","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.08.009","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of group B streptococcus in pregnancy","volume":"41","author":"Ahmadzia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002507","article-title":"Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Garcia-Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib36","article-title":"Early life exposure to parental Crohn\u2019s disease is associated with altered gut microbiome composition, impaired gut permeability and increased risk of incident Crohn;s disease","volume":"164","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528708991950","article-title":"Childhood factors in ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease: an international cooperative study","volume":"22","author":"Gilat","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-1182-y","article-title":"Intake of dairy protein during pregnancy in IBD and risk of SGA in a Norwegian population-based mother and child cohort","volume":"20","author":"Bengtson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)00852-7","article-title":"Impact of maternal food additive on gut microbiome and vertical bacteria strain sharing between women with IBD and their infants (MOMMY-IBD study)","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e724","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1649","article-title":"Bacterial imprinting of the neonatal immune system: lessons from maternal cells?","volume":"119","author":"Perez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00864-2","article-title":"The maternal gut microbiome in pregnancy: implications for the developing immune system","volume":"21","author":"Koren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.008","article-title":"Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Koren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317855","article-title":"Infants born to mothers with IBD present with altered gut microbiome that transfers abnormalities of the adaptive immune system to germ-free mice","volume":"69","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)01739-6","article-title":"Altered faecal and breastmilk microbiome and vertical bacteria strain sharing between pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease and their infants (MOMMY-IBD)","volume":"166","author":"Tun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2021-00078","article-title":"Maternal Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation shifts the intestinal microbiome in mice and provides protection from experimental colitis in female offspring","volume":"4","author":"Krishna","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2020.100573","article-title":"A dietary intervention to improve the microbiome composition of pregnant women with Crohn\u2019s disease and their offspring: the MELODY (Modulating Early Life Microbiome through Dietary Intervention in Pregnancy) trial design","volume":"18","author":"Peter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex234","article-title":"The international glossary on infertility and fertility care, 2017","volume":"32","author":"Zegers-Hochschild","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac170","article-title":"Fertility and assisted reproductive technologies outcomes of women with non-surgically managed inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Vieujean","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa191","article-title":"Impaired fertility in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study from Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Druvefors","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwac003","article-title":"Pregnancy and live birth rates over time in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Tandon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.16123","article-title":"The impact of the ileoanal pouch on female fertility in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sriranganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-011-1274-9","article-title":"Impact of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis on female fertility: meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Rajaratnam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.090316","article-title":"Threefold increased risk of infertility: a meta-analysis of infertility after ileal pouch anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis","volume":"55","author":"Waljee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwaa010","article-title":"Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease has unclear impact on female fertility: a Cochrane collaboration systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad079","article-title":"Female and male fertility after colectomy and reconstructive surgery in inflammatory bowel disease: a national cohort study from Sweden","volume":"17","author":"Druvefors","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318250caa9","article-title":"Significantly increased pregnancy rates after laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"256","author":"Bartels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.04.045","article-title":"Does laparoscopic ileal pouch-anal anastomosis reduce infertility compared with open approach?","volume":"166","author":"Gorgun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13354","article-title":"Decreased fertility rates in 9639 women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Ban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15654","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a 10-year nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.01.018","article-title":"Histologic remission in inflammatory bowel disease and female fertility: a nationwide study","volume":"166","author":"M\u00e5rild","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101517","article-title":"Ovarian reserve and IVF outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2019.1684465","article-title":"Infertile patients with inflammatory bowel disease have comparable in vitro fertilization clinical outcomes to the general infertile population","volume":"36","author":"Hernandez-Nieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000996","article-title":"The efficacy of assisted reproduction in women with inflammatory bowel disease and the impact of surgery\u2014a nationwide cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.03.016","article-title":"In vitro fertilization in women with inflammatory bowel disease is as successful as in women from the general infertility population","volume":"13","author":"Oza","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311246","article-title":"Live birth and adverse birth outcomes in women with ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease receiving assisted reproduction: a 20-year nationwide cohort study","volume":"65","author":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001537","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology in Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Laube","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.400","article-title":"In vitro fertilization is successful in women with ulcerative colitis and ileal pouch anal anastomosis","volume":"110","author":"Pabby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001640","article-title":"Impact on fertility after failure of restorative proctocolectomy in men and women with ulcerative colitis: a 17-year cohort study","volume":"63","author":"Pachler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz055","article-title":"Use and success of in vitro fertilisation following restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. A nationwide 17-year cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Pachler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311805","article-title":"The reduced chance of a live birth in women with IBD receiving assisted reproduction is due to a failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy","volume":"66","author":"Friedman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15818","volume":"50","author":"Iwase","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21872","article-title":"Ovarian reserve in young women of reproductive age with Crohn's disease","volume":"18","author":"Fr\u00e9our","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01112-6","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and risk factors of ovarian reserve decreases in women with Crohn\u2019s disease: a case-control study","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.00103","article-title":"Risk factors associated with impaired ovarian reserve in young women of reproductive age with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.03.003","article-title":"Serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels are lower in reproductive-age women with Crohn's disease compared to healthy control women","volume":"7","author":"Senates","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934776","article-title":"Ovarian reserve assessed by the anti-Mullerian hormone and reproductive health parameters in women with Crohn\u2019s disease, a case-control study","volume":"70","author":"Koller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiolog Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib77","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease can reduce ovarian reserve function in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.07.1198","article-title":"The impact of medical therapies and factors related to treatment procedures in women with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease receiving assisted reproduction: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"116","author":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac115","article-title":"European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis guidelines on sexuality, fertility, pregnancy, and lactation","volume":"17","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.009","article-title":"Effect of methotrexate exposure on subsequent fertility in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation","volume":"92","author":"McLaren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13068","article-title":"Persistent follicular granulosa cell senescence and apoptosis induced by methotrexate leading to oocyte dysfunction and aberrant embryo development","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-016-0683-7","article-title":"Methotrexate does not affect ovarian reserve or subsequent assisted reproductive technology outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Boots","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S234996","article-title":"Corticosteroids prior to embryo transfer in assisted reproduction in women with Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis\u2013a nationwide cohort study","volume":"12","author":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2023.2227310","article-title":"Glucocorticoid supplementation during ovulation induction for assisted reproductive technology: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-023-01036-1","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology and disease management in infertile women with multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Sparaco","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab021","article-title":"A single educational intervention improves pregnancy-related knowledge and emotional health among women with IBD who are pregnant or wish to conceive","volume":"27","author":"Flanagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12442","article-title":"Addressing pregnancy-related concerns in women with inflammatory bowel disease: insights from the patient\u2019s perspective","volume":"5","author":"Flanagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw078","article-title":"What factors might drive voluntary childlessness (VC) in women with IBD? Does IBD-specific pregnancy-related knowledge matter?","volume":"10","author":"Selinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa047","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes towards pregnancy in females with inflammatory bowel disease: an international, multi-centre study","volume":"14","author":"Laube","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.09.010","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy: lack of knowledge is associated with negative views","volume":"7","author":"Selinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw052","article-title":"Perceptions and attitudes towards medication adherence during pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Gallinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21522","article-title":"Self-reported adherence to medical treatment prior to and during pregnancy among women with ulcerative colitis","volume":"17","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04318.x","article-title":"Self-reported antenatal adherence to medical treatment among pregnant women with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2016.03.018","article-title":"Preconception care reduces relapse of inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy","volume":"14","author":"de Lima","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07494-9","article-title":"A novel decision aid improves quality of reproductive decision-making and pregnancy knowledge for women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy161","article-title":"Innovative online educational portal improves disease-specific reproductive knowledge among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Wierstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06998-0","article-title":"A dedicated pregnancy clinic improves reproductive knowledge in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"67","author":"Jogendran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad147","article-title":"Despite increased disease activity, women who attended a dedicated inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy clinic had infants with higher Apgar scores: a population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5048-x","article-title":"Antenatal management for women with inflammatory bowel disease: experience from our \u2018IBD MOM\u2019clinic","volume":"63","author":"Shitrit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06480-3","article-title":"Identifying patient priorities for preconception and pregnancy counseling in IBD","volume":"66","author":"Aboubakr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.12.003","article-title":"Prepregnancy counseling: committee opinion No. 762","volume":"111","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12417","article-title":"Meta-analysis: the impact of disease activity at conception on disease activity during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"38","author":"Abhyankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17348","article-title":"Predictors of disease activity during pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease\u2014A Danish cohort study","volume":"57","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib104","first-page":"101","article-title":"Fertility and contraception in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.02.012","article-title":"Contraceptive use among women with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"82","author":"Zapata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.041","article-title":"Association between long-term oral contraceptive use and risk of Crohn\u2019s disease complications in a nationwide study","volume":"150","author":"Khalili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2015.10.020","article-title":"Hormonal contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: are inflammatory bowel disease patients at increased risk? A retrospective study on a prospective database","volume":"4","author":"Pellino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.033","article-title":"Laboratory reference intervals during pregnancy, delivery and the early postpartum period","volume":"48","author":"Klajnbard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib109","first-page":"692","article-title":"Trends in faecal calprotectin levels during pregnancy in non-IBD patients","volume":"115","author":"Doherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.03.015","article-title":"Clinical utility of fecal calprotectin in monitoring disease activity and predicting relapse in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"77","author":"Rottenstreich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001244","article-title":"Noninvasive methods for assessing inflammatory bowel disease activity in pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"53","author":"Tandon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izx055","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin during pregnancy in women with moderate-severe inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Kammerlander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371211015657","article-title":"Canadian Association of Radiologists recommendations for the safe use of MRI during pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"Jabehdar Maralani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa082","article-title":"Monitoring inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy using gastrointestinal ultrasonography","volume":"14","author":"Flanagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab216","article-title":"Intestinal ultrasound to evaluate treatment response during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"De Voogd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2012.02.029","article-title":"Guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women","volume":"76","author":"Shergill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0244-z","article-title":"Does lower gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy pose a risk for mother and child?\u2013a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"De Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06122-8","article-title":"Safety of flexible sigmoidoscopy in pregnant patients with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"65","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac050","article-title":"Surgery due to inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy: mothers and offspring outcomes from an ECCO Confer multicentre case series [Scar Study]","volume":"16","author":"Chaparro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620921060","article-title":"Surgery for Crohn\u2019s disease during pregnancy: a nationwide survey","volume":"8","author":"Germain","year":"2020","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13775","article-title":"Non-obstetric abdominal surgery during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a Danish registry-based cohort study","volume":"99","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13413","article-title":"Surgical management of complicated and medically refractory inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Killeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-022-04185-9","article-title":"A national study of pregnancy-related maternal and fetal outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Tarar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0452-0","article-title":"Contribution of prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain to adverse neonatal outcomes: population attributable fractions for Canada","volume":"15","author":"Dzakpasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib125","first-page":"2881","article-title":"Inadequate gestational weight gain and adverse pregnancy outcomes among normal weight women in China","volume":"8","author":"Wen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.684176","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome and the impact of maternal weight gain","volume":"25","author":"Oron","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001123","article-title":"Inadequate gestational weight gain, the hidden link between maternal IBD and adverse pregnancy outcomes: results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"23","author":"Bengtson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15587","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: risk of adverse pregnancy-related outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"51","author":"Tandon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129567","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Boyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13638","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"15","author":"Hansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f3443","article-title":"Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"346","author":"Haider","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000472","article-title":"Maternal morbidity associated with early-onset and late-onset preeclampsia","volume":"124","author":"Lisonkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00417-6","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad250","article-title":"Longitudinal trends in pregnancy outcomes among women with inflammatory bowel disease in the era of biologics: a 20-year nationwide analysis","volume":"30","author":"Prakash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001668662","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Bush","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2010.02.014","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease is a risk factor for preterm birth","volume":"8","author":"Stephansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.14781","article-title":"Aspirin use to prevent preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement","volume":"326","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib138","first-page":"CD004659","article-title":"Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications","volume":"10","author":"Duley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.04.023","article-title":"Care plan for individuals at risk for preeclampsia: shared approach to education, strategies for prevention, surveillance, and follow-up","volume":"229","author":"Roberts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704559","article-title":"Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia","volume":"377","author":"Rolnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.561","article-title":"Aspirin for the prevention of preterm and term preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"218","author":"Roberge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2022.12.032","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on the use of aspirin in pregnancy: systematic review","volume":"282","author":"Di Girolamo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.15.1168","article-title":"Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and the incidence of pancreatic cancer","volume":"94","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa060","article-title":"Daily aspirin use does not impact clinical outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"27","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000003304","article-title":"The effect of low-dose aspirin on disease activity in pregnant individuals with inflammatory bowel disease","author":"Memel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08364-2","article-title":"Low-dose aspirin use does not increase disease activity in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"69","author":"DeBolt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105650","article-title":"Food avoidance, restrictive eating behaviour and association with quality of life in adults with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic scoping review","volume":"167","author":"Day","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20429","article-title":"Nationwide prevalence and prognostic significance of clinically diagnosable protein-calorie malnutrition in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju009","article-title":"European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dignass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.619176","article-title":"Maternal vitamin B12 status during pregnancy and its association with outcomes of pregnancy and health of the offspring: a systematic review and implications for policy in India","volume":"12","author":"Behere","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.12","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D in pregnancy in the Mediterranean region: a systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Karras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091900","article-title":"Vitamin D: before, during and after pregnancy: effect on neonates and children","volume":"14","author":"Mansur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000836","article-title":"Nutrition in pregnancy: a comparative review of major guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Tsakiridis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecolog Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib154","series-title":"WHO recommendation on daily oral iron and folic acid supplementation","year":"2016"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0536-1","article-title":"Commentary: iron deficiency of pregnancy-a new approach involving intravenous iron","volume":"15","author":"Auerbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib156","series-title":"Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-329304","article-title":"Australian inflammatory bowel disease consensus statements for preconception, pregnancy and breast feeding","volume":"72","author":"Laube","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01537.x","article-title":"Perianal Crohn\u2019s disease and pregnancy: role of the mode of delivery","volume":"94","author":"Ilnyckyj","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001112","article-title":"Defining the most appropriate delivery mode in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Foulon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib160","article-title":"Vaginal delivery in women with perianal Crohn's disease: why not?","volume":"4","author":"Schaafsma","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJOG Glob Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182a41381","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease and pregnancy: the impact of perianal disease on delivery methods and complications","volume":"57","author":"Hatch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.08.001","article-title":"Perianal Crohn\u2019s disease results in fewer pregnancies but is not exacerbated by vaginal delivery","volume":"47","author":"Grouin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000093","article-title":"Impact of mode of delivery on outcomes in patients with perianal Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-023-03018-5","article-title":"The mode of delivery does not influence the occurrence of post-partum perianal disease flares in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"24","author":"Otero-Pi\u00f1erio","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12771","article-title":"Pregnancy and childbirth after repair of obstetric fistula in sub-Saharan Africa: scoping review","volume":"21","author":"Delamou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30366-2","article-title":"Fistula recurrence, pregnancy, and childbirth following successful closure of female genital fistula in Guinea: a longitudinal study","volume":"5","author":"Delamou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0569-0","article-title":"Pregnancy and delivery before and after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease: immediate and long-term consequences and outcomes","volume":"47","author":"Hahnloser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02052444","article-title":"Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis function following childbirth: an extended evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Juhasz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200006000-00017","article-title":"Functional outcomes after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis","volume":"231","author":"Farouk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6411-x","article-title":"Pregnancy, delivery, and pouch function after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis","volume":"45","author":"Ravid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00342465","article-title":"Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: pregnancy, delivery and pouch function","volume":"11","author":"Scott","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2010.494745","article-title":"Pouch function and gastrointestinal complications during pregnancy after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis","volume":"24","author":"Seligman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-005-0124-7","article-title":"Vaginal delivery after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a word of caution","volume":"48","author":"Remzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.23922\/jarc.2021-022","article-title":"Delivery mode after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis among pregnant women with ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Goto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anus Rectum Colon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5467","article-title":"Effect of vaginal delivery on long-term pouch function","volume":"93","author":"Polle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00334-7","article-title":"Placental transport of immunoglobulin G","volume":"21","author":"Simister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349409006251","article-title":"Disposition of 5-aminosalicylic acid and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid in fetal and maternal body fluids during treatment with different 5-aminosalicylic acid preparations","volume":"73","author":"Christensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa122","article-title":"The risk of adverse neonatal outcomes with maternal inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.09.061","article-title":"Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with IBD and effects of medications","volume":"146","author":"Ban","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01216.x","article-title":"Therapeutic drug use in women with Crohn's disease and birth outcomes: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Norgard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.11.010","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in women with inflammatory bowel disease following exposure to 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Rahimi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70628-6","article-title":"The safety of mesalamine in human pregnancy: a prospective controlled cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Diav-Citrin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.243","article-title":"Birth outcome in women exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid during pregnancy: a Danish cohort study","volume":"52","author":"Norgard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04140.x","article-title":"The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients","volume":"99","author":"Moskovitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17189","article-title":"The safety of paternal and maternal use of 5-aminosalicylic acid during conception and pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"56","author":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.879734","article-title":"Maternal use of 5-aminosalicylates in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk in the offspring","volume":"49","author":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7042","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i41.7042","article-title":"Presence of phthalates in gastrointestinal medications: is there a hidden danger?","volume":"19","author":"Gallinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06221-6","article-title":"Non-adherence to medications in pregnant ulcerative colitis patients contributes to disease flares and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"66","author":"Watanabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15596","article-title":"Pregnant women with IBD are more likely to be adherent to biologic therapies than other medications","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200225080-00003","article-title":"Comparative tolerability of therapies for ulcerative colitis","volume":"25","author":"Ardizzone","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-210","article-title":"Importance of appropriate pharmaceutical management in pregnant women with ulcerative colitis","volume":"6","author":"Ujihara","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.003","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and female reproductive and developmental outcomes: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence","volume":"130","author":"Radke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.04.007","article-title":"Maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) induces combined anorectal and urogenital malformations in male rat offspring","volume":"61","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.060103","article-title":"Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild\/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study","volume":"54","author":"Marteau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.15389","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis in adults: a review","volume":"330","author":"Gros","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib196","first-page":"2201","article-title":"Safety of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid in pregnancy","volume":"92","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528109182032","article-title":"Placental transfer of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine and some of its metabolites","volume":"16","author":"J\u00e4rnerot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1987.tb10430.x","article-title":"Sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"76","author":"Esbj\u00f6rner","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00962.x","article-title":"Population-based case control study of the safety of sulfasalazine use during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Norgard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2011.626442","article-title":"Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers","volume":"41","author":"Viktil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"62","author":"Park-Wyllie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib202","series-title":"Birth defects and drug in pregnancy","first-page":"299","author":"Heinonen","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv006","article-title":"Intrapartum corticosteroid use significantly increases the risk of gestational diabetes in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"9","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325317","article-title":"Exposure to corticosteroids in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes among infants of mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: results from the PIANO registry","volume":"71","author":"Odufalu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-02817-7","article-title":"Adverse birth outcomes and early-life infections after in utero exposure to corticosteroids for inflammatory bowel disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"21","author":"J\u00f8lving","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib206","first-page":"CD007698","article-title":"Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"2015","author":"Sherlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2018.1533583","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in four women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with budesonide MMX","volume":"53","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20640","article-title":"Budesonide induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn\u2019s disease during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17666","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: medical therapies for treatment of ulcerative proctitis","volume":"58","author":"Aruljothy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.05.066","article-title":"Fetal methotrexate syndrome: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"87","author":"Verberne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib211","first-page":"678","article-title":"Systematic review on the safety of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis regarding the reproductive system (fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding)","volume":"27","author":"Martinez Lopez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38368","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome after methotrexate treatment for rheumatic disease prior to or during early pregnancy: a prospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Weber-Schoendorfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36625","article-title":"National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal exposure to methotrexate and birth defects: a population-based study","volume":"164A","author":"Dawson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib214","first-page":"2360","article-title":"Low dose methotrexate in the first trimester of pregnancy: results of a French collaborative study","volume":"31","author":"Lewden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011303432204","article-title":"Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects","volume":"343","author":"Hernandez-Diaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319129","article-title":"Health outcomes of 1000 children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease in their first 5 years of life","volume":"70","author":"Kanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16578","article-title":"The risk of chronic diseases and congenital malformations during childhood and adolescence after in utero exposure to thiopurines","volume":"54","author":"Jolving","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.01.009","article-title":"The effects of azathioprine on birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)","volume":"5","author":"Shim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.07.028","article-title":"Serious infections in children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease with in utero exposure to thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor","volume":"20","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae023","article-title":"Thiopurine metabolite shunting in late pregnancy increases the risk of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease, and can be managed with split dosing","volume":"18","author":"Prentice","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303615","article-title":"Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis. Intrauterine exposure and pharmacology of conventional thiopurine therapy in pregnant patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"63","author":"Jharap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16294","article-title":"Maternal thiopurine metabolism during pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease and clearance of thiopurine metabolites and outcomes in exposed neonates","volume":"53","author":"Flanagan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2023.2234813","article-title":"Antenatal thiopurine exposure in women with IBD is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"22","author":"Selinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18126","article-title":"Multicentre study and systematic review: Allopurinol exposure during pregnancy","volume":"60","author":"Crouwel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2018.08.012","article-title":"The teratogenicity of allopurinol: a comprehensive review of animal and human studies","volume":"81","author":"Simsek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac183","article-title":"Exposure to thioguanine during 117 pregnancies in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Crouwel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib227","article-title":"Thiopurine exposure during pregnancy is not associated with anemia in infants born to mothers with IBD","volume":"5","author":"Yeaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae008","article-title":"Thrombocytosis and transaminitis in infants born to women with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with exposure to maternal inflammation in utero","volume":"30","author":"Prentice","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01920","article-title":"Update on transplacental transfer of IgG subclasses: impact of maternal and fetal factors","volume":"11","author":"Clements","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14040","article-title":"The effects of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of infliximab and adalimumab in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"45","author":"Seow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab206","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum disease activity in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Malhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.055","article-title":"Systematic review of effects of withdrawal of immunomodulators or biologic agents from patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"149","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0176-7","article-title":"Continuous anti-TNFalpha use throughout pregnancy: possible complications for the mother but not for the fetus. A retrospective cohort on the French National Health Insurance Database (EVASION)","volume":"113","author":"Luu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.08.039","article-title":"Withdrawal of immunomodulators or TNF antagonists in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases in remission on combination therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Katibian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00385-5","article-title":"Withdrawal of infliximab or concomitant immunosuppressant therapy in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease on combination therapy (SPARE): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Louis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.09.021","article-title":"Biologics for inflammatory bowel disease and their safety in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Nielsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz110","article-title":"Anti-TNF therapy in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease: effects of therapeutic strategies on disease behavior and birth outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib238","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Tailored anti-TNF therapy during pregnancy in patients with IBD: maternal and fetal safety","volume":"68","author":"de Lima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001234","article-title":"Anti-TNF-alpha use during the third trimester of pregnancy in women with moderate-severe inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight","volume":"23","author":"Kammerlander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-0819","article-title":"Benefits and risks associated with continuation of anti-tumor necrosis factor after 24 weeks of pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide emulation trial","volume":"175","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz250","article-title":"Early discontinuation of infliximab in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Truta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-174","article-title":"Safety of TNF-alpha inhibitors during IBD pregnancy: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2021.102676","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women with immune mediated inflammatory diseases exposed to anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha during pregnancy: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Barenbrug","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2017.501","article-title":"Long-term safety of in utero exposure to anti-TNFalpha drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: results from the multicenter European TEDDY study","volume":"113","author":"Chaparro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15539","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with vedolizumab, anti-TNF or conventional therapy: results of the European CONCEIVE study","volume":"51","author":"Moens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.04.002","article-title":"Concentrations of adalimumab and infliximab in mothers and newborns, and effects on infection","volume":"151","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S419","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx180.741","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with IBD treated with biosimilar infliximab","volume":"12","author":"Kolar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)03110-X","article-title":"Use of biosimilars to infliximab during pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"166","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X211028779","article-title":"Outcomes following biosimilar TNF inhibitor use for inflammatory-mediated immune disorders in pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Scott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15574","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: safety of vedolizumab during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"36","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002553","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes in vedolizumab- and ustekinumab-exposed pregnancies: results from the PIANO Registry","volume":"119","author":"Chugh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16593","article-title":"Vedolizumab clearance in neonates, susceptibility to infections and developmental milestones: a prospective multicentre population-based cohort study","volume":"54","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac086","article-title":"Safety of ustekinumab and vedolizumab during pregnancy-pregnancy, neonatal, and infant outcome: a prospective multicentre study","volume":"16","author":"Mitrova","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.02.025","article-title":"Vedolizumab and ustekinumab levels in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease and infants exposed in utero","volume":"23","author":"Prentice","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.12.029","article-title":"Safety of vedolizumab and ustekinumab compared with anti-TNF in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-024-01370-7","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies throughout pregnancy: a systematic literature review","volume":"63","author":"van Gendt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib257","article-title":"Ustekinumab exposure in pregnant women from inflammatory bowel disease clinical trials: pregnancy outcomes through up to 5 years in Crohn\u2019s disease and 2 years in ulcerative colitis","volume":"4","author":"Abraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17224","article-title":"Ustekinumab during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective multicentre cohort study","volume":"56","author":"Avni-Biron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15471","article-title":"Reported congenital malformations after exposure to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics: a retrospective comparative study in EudraVigilance","volume":"88","author":"Ghalandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.008","article-title":"Infant ustekinumab clearance, risk of infection, and development after exposure during pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16960","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes following periconceptional or gestational exposure to ustekinumab: review of cases reported to the manufacturer's global safety database","volume":"56","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae182","article-title":"Low placental transfer rates of risankizumab among pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14931","article-title":"Considerations on inhibition of IL-23 in psoriatic women of childbearing potential","volume":"34","author":"Russo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib264","first-page":"295","article-title":"The presence, severity, and onset of preeclampsia is associated with maternal interleukin-23 level: a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Forghani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1997.00660.x","article-title":"Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Caro-Paton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2174\/2589977515666221212150311","article-title":"Relationship between amoxicillin use in pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Bahri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Drug Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.02.002","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes following quinolone and fluoroquinolone exposure during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Acar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.13340","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in female patients exposed to cyclosporin-based versus tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimens after liver\/kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pharm Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15414","article-title":"Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in women receiving calcineurin inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"88","author":"Akiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20858","article-title":"Cyclosporine treatment of steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis during pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Branche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa109","article-title":"Management of acute severe ulcerative colitis in a pregnant woman with COVID-19 infection: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Rosen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223540","article-title":"Salvage therapy for acute severe ulcerative colitis during pregnancy","volume":"2018","author":"Raval","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib273","first-page":"330","article-title":"Cyclosporine treatment of severe ulcerative colitis during pregnancy","volume":"90","author":"Bertschinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078972","article-title":"Uneventful pregnancy and neonatal outcome with tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis","volume":"54","author":"Baumgart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib275","first-page":"1364","article-title":"Prevention of abortion by ciclosporin treatment of fulminant ulcerative colitis during pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"Angelberger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae011","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in the ozanimod clinical development program in patients with ulcerative colitis, Crohn\u2019s disease, and relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/01.ajg.0001035116.14492.4e","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in the etrasimod clinical programme. Abstract","volume":"119","author":"Gecse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib278","unstructured":"Xeljanz (Tofacitinib). Available at: labeling.pfizer.com\/showlabeling.aspx?id=959. Accessed September 2, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib279","unstructured":"Jyseleca (Filgotinib). Available at: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/jyseleca#product-info. Accessed September 2, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib280","unstructured":"Rinvoq (Upadacitinib). Available at: www.rxabbvie.com\/pdf\/rinvoq_pi.pdf. Accessed September 2, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010034","article-title":"Reproductive safety issues of novel small molecules for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Monfared","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(24)00885-0","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes after maternal or paternal exposure in the tofacitinib ulcerative colitis clinical program","volume":"166","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-024-01454-0","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in patients treated with upadacitinib: analysis of data from clinical trials and postmarketing reports","volume":"47","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200211000-00003","article-title":"Normal breast milk limits the development of colitis in IL-10-deficient mice","volume":"8","author":"Madsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.03.017","article-title":"Systematic review: the role of breastfeeding in the development of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"155","author":"Barclay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.2.486","article-title":"Breastfeeding and risk of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"82","author":"Klement","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14291","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"46","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00526.x","article-title":"Investigating the hygiene hypothesis as a risk factor in pediatric onset Crohn\u2019s disease: a case-control study","volume":"101","author":"Amre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06140.x","article-title":"Population-based cases control study of inflammatory bowel disease risk factors","volume":"25","author":"Gearry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3624","article-title":"Contact with farm animals in early life and juvenile inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study","volume":"120","author":"Radon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00021-8","article-title":"Lifestyle, behaviour, and environmental modification for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: an International Organization for Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases consensus","volume":"7","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00758-3","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy and breastfeeding","volume":"20","author":"Brondfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i6.743","article-title":"Perinatal and early life risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20206","article-title":"Preterm birth but not mode of delivery is associated with an increased risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease later in life","volume":"13","author":"Sonntag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.054353","article-title":"Environmental risk factors in paediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: a population based case control study","volume":"54","author":"Baron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)32637-9","article-title":"Maternal IBD and IBD therapies may influence breast milk pro-inflammatory cytokines and the infant\u2019s fecal calprotectin","volume":"152","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy186","article-title":"The profile of human milk metabolome, cytokines, and antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases versus healthy mothers, and potential impact on the newborn","volume":"13","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad096","article-title":"Influence of early life factors, including breast milk composition, on the microbiome of infants born to mothers with and without inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Sabino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz313","article-title":"Incidence and predictors of flares in the postpartum year among women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.362","article-title":"A population-based study of breastfeeding in inflammatory bowel disease: initiation, duration, and effect on disease in the postpartum period","volume":"104","author":"Moffatt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40785.x","article-title":"The role of breastfeeding in postpartum disease activity in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"100","author":"Kane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.920913","article-title":"Self-reported adherence to medical treatment, breastfeeding behaviour, and disease activity during the postpartum period in women with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"49","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0111","article-title":"Determination of mesalamine levels in human milk as a function of dose","volume":"14","author":"Datta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib304","series-title":"Prospective follow-up of infants exposed to 5-aminosalicylic acid containing drugs through maternal milk","author":"Moretti","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(11)90771-6","article-title":"Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication","volume":"168","author":"Ito","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib306","first-page":"5525","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy: a report of 7 cases and review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib307","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK501922\/. Accessed May 27, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1536-4801.1986.tb09071.x","article-title":"Bloody diarrhea--a possible complication of sulfasalazine transferred through human breast milk","volume":"5","author":"Branski","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528109181027","article-title":"Albumin reserve for binding of bilirubin in maternal and cord serum under treatment with sulphasalazine","volume":"16","author":"Jarnerot","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03843.x","article-title":"Azathioprine treatment during lactation","volume":"28","author":"Christensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01232.x","article-title":"Azathioprine and breastfeeding: is it safe?","volume":"114","author":"Sau","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib312","first-page":"62","article-title":"Prospective clinical and biological follow-up of three breastfed babies from azathioprine-treated mothers","volume":"21","author":"Bernard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.10.005","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of babies exposed to azathioprine in utero and via breastfeeding","volume":"5","author":"Angelberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib314","first-page":"12","article-title":"Azathioprine and breastfeeding: long-term follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12334","article-title":"Dutch Initiative on Crohn and Colitis. Long-term follow-up of children exposed intrauterine to maternal thiopurine therapy during pregnancy in females with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"38","author":"de Meij","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.05.040","article-title":"Exposure concentrations of infants breastfed by women receiving biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel diseases and effects of breastfeeding on infections and development","volume":"155","author":"Matro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2638-8_32","article-title":"Allopurinol in breast milk","volume":"309A","author":"Kamilli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib318","first-page":"128","article-title":"National audit: assessing the use and safety of allopurinol thiopurine co-therapy in pregnant females with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Beswick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140263","article-title":"Methotrexate use in a breastfeeding patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Thorne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2018.0078","article-title":"High-dose methotrexate treatment in a breastfeeding mother with placenta accreta: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80259-6","article-title":"Prednisolone excretion in human milk","volume":"106","author":"Ost","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib322","first-page":"264","article-title":"Excretion of prednisone and prednisolone in human milk","volume":"21","author":"Berlin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pharmacologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib323","series-title":"Drugs during pregnancy and lactation: treatment options and risk assessment","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.09.001","article-title":"Breast-feeding after transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000769","article-title":"Transfer of monoclonal antibodies into breastmilk in neurologic and non-neurologic diseases","volume":"7","author":"LaHue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00130","article-title":"Partial degradation of recombinant antibody functional activity during infant gastrointestinal digestion: implications for oral antibody supplementation","volume":"7","author":"Sah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030621","article-title":"Survival of recombinant monoclonal antibodies (IgG, IgA and sIgA) versus naturally-occurring antibodies (IgG and sIgA\/IgA) in an ex vivo infant digestion model","volume":"12","author":"Lueangsakulthai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104115","article-title":"Survival of recombinant monoclonal and naturally-occurring human milk immunoglobulins A and G specific to respiratory syncytial virus F protein across simulated human infant gastrointestinal digestion","volume":"73","author":"Lueangsakulthai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071904","article-title":"Binding and neutralizing capacity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific recombinant IgG against RSV in human milk, gastric and intestinal fluids from infants","volume":"12","author":"Demers-Mathieu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112248","article-title":"Oral administration of human serum immunoglobulin in immunodeficient patients with viral gastroenteritis. A pharmacokinetic and functional analysis","volume":"76","author":"Losonsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib331","unstructured":"Velsipity (etrasimod). European Medicines Agency; 2024. Available at: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/velsipity. Accessed April 9, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib332","unstructured":"Zeposia (ozanimod). European Medicines Agency; 2020. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/medicines\/human\/EPAR\/zeposia. Accessed March 4, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib333","unstructured":"Velsipity (etrasimod). U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2024. Available at: labeling.pfizer.com\/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=19776. Accessed April 9, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib334","unstructured":"Zeposia (ozanimod). U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2020. Available at: packageinserts.bms.com\/pi\/pi_zeposia.pdf. Accessed March 4, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.019","article-title":"Tofacitinib in pregnancy: assessing pregnancy and infant outcomes, cord blood, and breast milk concentrations","volume":"23","author":"Mitrova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00158-9","article-title":"Tofacitinib concentrations in plasma and breastmilk of a lactating woman with ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.09.003","article-title":"Infliximab concentrations in the milk of nursing mothers with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Grosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib338","series-title":"Drugs and human lactation: a comprehensive guide to the content and consequences of drugs, micronutrients, radiopharmaceuticals, and environmental and occupational chemicals in human milk","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.08.067","article-title":"Vedolizumab concentrations in the breast milk of nursing mothers with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"154","author":"Julsgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.07.007","article-title":"Live rotavirus vaccination appears low-risk in infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease on biologics","volume":"23","author":"Ernest-Suarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib341","article-title":"Normal infant immunologic assessment and uneventful live rotavirus vaccination despite continuous tofacitinib exposure in utero and during breastfeeding","volume":"6","author":"Ernest-Suarez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13098","article-title":"Antibiotics and lactation: an overview of relative infant doses and a systematic assessment of clinical studies","volume":"124","author":"van Wattum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1988.tb03362.x","article-title":"Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate","volume":"26","author":"Passmore","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib344","first-page":"48","article-title":"Metronidazole in breast milk","volume":"57","author":"Erickson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90021-1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of three newer quinolones in pregnant and lactating women","volume":"87","author":"Giamarellou","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02480048","article-title":"Intravenous midazolam passage into breast milk","volume":"11","author":"Koitabashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clpt.2006.02.010","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of midazolam, propofol, and fentanyl transfer to human breast milk","volume":"79","author":"Nitsun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.108324","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the influence of inflammatory bowel disease on pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"Cornish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04794.x","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in inflammatory bowel disease: prospective European case-control ECCO-EpiCom study, 2003-2006","volume":"34","author":"Bortoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib350","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Birth outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: effects of disease activity and drug exposure","volume":"20","author":"Broms","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13946","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy: a population-based study of prevalence and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"123","author":"Shand","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000802","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study from England","volume":"22","author":"Abdul Sultan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3037128","article-title":"Regional variation in pregnancy outcomes amongst women in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study","volume":"2021","author":"Tandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17039","article-title":"Outcomes during delivery hospitalisations with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101722","article-title":"Histological remission in inflammatory bowel disease and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide study","volume":"53","author":"Marild","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003603","article-title":"Risk of miscarriage in women with chronic diseases in Norway: a registry linkage study","volume":"18","author":"Magnus","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158017","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and complications in a US inflammatory bowel disease cohort","volume":"11","author":"Waljee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib358","article-title":"The risk of venous thromboembolism in women with inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23509","article-title":"Use of azathioprine and corticosteroids during pregnancy and birth outcome in women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"106","author":"Plauborg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib360","article-title":"Pharmacologic stepwise multimodal approach for postpartum pain management","volume":"1","author":"Bryant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Coll Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.08.014","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial to compare ketorolac tromethamine versus placebo after cesarean section to reduce pain and narcotic usage","volume":"189","author":"Lowder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.02262.x","article-title":"Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Felder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.101238","article-title":"Ketorolac for postpartum pain management in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2750","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3677-x","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease increases risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1121406","article-title":"Risk factors for length of NICU stay of newborns: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.430","article-title":"Safety of thiopurines and anti-TNF-alpha drugs during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"108","author":"Casanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002179","article-title":"Maternal inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and infectious disease in offspring younger than 5 years: a population-based cohort study","volume":"118","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01355.x","article-title":"Disease activity in pregnant women with Crohn\u2019s disease and birth outcomes: a regional Danish cohort study","volume":"102","author":"Norgard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04754.x","article-title":"Pregnancy before and after the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases: retrospective case-control study","volume":"22","author":"Bortoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa225","article-title":"The influence of disease activity on pregnancy outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.08.028","article-title":"Maternal exposure to anti-TNF or thiopurines for IBD does not increase risk of early-life malignancy in children","volume":"21","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib372","series-title":"ASQ-3 User\u2019s Guide","author":"Squires","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15956","article-title":"In utero exposure to thiopurines\/anti-TNF agents and long-term health outcomes during childhood and adolescence in Denmark","volume":"52","author":"Norgard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S59360","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in children of parents with inflammatory bowel disease - a nationwide cohort study in Denmark","volume":"7","author":"Andersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa106","article-title":"Long-term motor and cognitive function in the children of women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.12.159","article-title":"Long term adverse health outcomes in offspring from mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population based study in Korea","volume":"162","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw083","article-title":"Maternal inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy is not a risk factor for long-term morbidity of the offspring","volume":"10","author":"Freud","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41424-018-0018-3","article-title":"Anti-TNF and thiopurine therapy in pregnant IBD patients does not significantly alter a panel of B-cell and T-cell subsets in 1-year-old infants","volume":"9","author":"Kattah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.935034","article-title":"Immune function in newborns with in-utero exposure to anti-TNFalpha therapy","volume":"10","author":"Weiss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.08.041","article-title":"Use of biologic therapy by pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease does not affect infant response to vaccines","volume":"16","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy053","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination effective in children exposed to anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha in utero","volume":"12","author":"de Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib382","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.00071","article-title":"Influence of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy to pregnant inflammatory bowel disease women and their children\u2019s immunity","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib383","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy294","article-title":"Safety of anti-TNF-alpha therapy during pregnancy on long-term outcome of exposed children: a controlled, multicenter observation","volume":"25","author":"Duricova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.03.041","article-title":"Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of available vaccines in children on biologics: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Gertosio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i874","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac190.0874","article-title":"Safety of live vaccines in children exposed to biological agents for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in utero or during breastfeeding","volume":"17","author":"Chaparro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib386","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac141","article-title":"A systematic review of live vaccine outcomes in infants exposed to biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in utero","volume":"61","author":"Goulden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib387","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(23)00136-0","article-title":"Immunological effects and safety of live rotavirus vaccination after antenatal exposure to immunomodulatory biologic agents: a prospective cohort study from the Canadian Immunization Research Network","volume":"7","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib388","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.05.001","article-title":"Case report: fatal case of disseminated BCG infection in an infant born to a mother taking infliximab for Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Cheent","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib389","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440984.86659.4f","article-title":"Impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies administered to pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease on long-term outcome of exposed children","volume":"20","author":"Bortlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa099","article-title":"Safety and optimal timing of BCG vaccination in infants born to mothers receiving anti-TNF therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib391","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency UK. Live attenuated vaccines: avoid use in those who are clinically immunosuppressed. 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/drug-safety-update\/live-attenuated-vaccines-avoid-use-in-those-who-are-clinically-immunosuppressed#fatal-bcg-infection-in-neonates-after-in-utero-exposure-to-tnf-antagonist. Accessed March 27, 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib392","unstructured":"Direct healthcare professional communication (DHPC): Infliximab (Remicade, Flixabi, Inflectra, Remsima and Zessly): Use of live vaccines in infants exposed in utero or during breastfeeding. European Medicines Agency; 2022. Available at: www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/dhpc\/direct-healthcare-professional-communication-dhpc-infliximab-remicade-flixabi-inflectra-remsima-and-zessly-use-live-vaccines-infants-exposed-utero-or-during-breastfeeding_en.pdf. Accessed May 27, 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005_bib393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31825f2807","article-title":"Infliximab and adalimumab use during breastfeeding","volume":"46","author":"Fritzsche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356525003222?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356525003222?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T21:15:44Z","timestamp":1762550144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356525003222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":393,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1542356525003222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.04.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The American Gastroenterological Association, British Society of Gastroenterology, The American College of Gastroenterology, European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organisation, John Wiley & Sons Limited and Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc on behalf of The American Gastroenterological Association, by BMJ Publishing Group Ltd on behalf of British Society of Gastroenterology, by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American College of Gastroenterology, by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organisation, by John Wiley & Sons Limited and by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Foundation. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}