{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:06:38Z","timestamp":1793192798416,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,25]],"date-time":"2025-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T03:30:23Z","timestamp":1751427023000},"page":"2068-2082","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Appropriate Use and Complications of Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Feuerstein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faten N.","family":"Aberra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres J.","family":"Yarur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Malter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000069969","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and inflammation revisited: the state of the art. NIH clinical staff conference","volume":"10","author":"Franchimont","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(25)08373-9","article-title":"Experiences with cortisone and ACTH in chronic ulcerative colitis","volume":"25","author":"Dearing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4947.1041","article-title":"Cortisone in ulcerative colitis","volume":"2","author":"Truelove","year":"1955","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90385-8","article-title":"National Cooperative Crohn\u2019s Disease Study: results of drug treatment","volume":"77","author":"Summers","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa053","article-title":"The historical role and contemporary use of corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Dorrington","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302830","article-title":"Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Neurath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.031","volume":"160","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.05.035","article-title":"The TREAT registry: evolution of knowledge from 1999 to 2017: lessons learned","volume":"15","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.22164025.x","article-title":"Cytokine modulation by glucocorticoids: mechanisms and actions in cellular studies","volume":"10","author":"Brattsand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therap"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.004","article-title":"Infection risk and safety of corticosteroid use","volume":"42","author":"Youssef","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200544010-00003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids","volume":"44","author":"Czock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91725-J","article-title":"Endoscopic monitoring of Crohn\u2019s disease treatment: a prospective, randomized clinical trial","volume":"102","author":"Landi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1997.tb00814.x","article-title":"Review article: drug development in inflammatory bowel disease: budesonide--a model of targeted therapy","volume":"11","author":"Hamedani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1183648","article-title":"Budesonide for the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"17","author":"Abdalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000653","article-title":"The treatment approach to inflammatory bowel disease in 2020","volume":"36","author":"Vachon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.007","article-title":"AGA technical review on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"158","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000379","article-title":"Systematic review: rectal therapies for the treatment of distal forms of ulcerative colitis","volume":"21","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14334","article-title":"A multi-centre audit of excess steroid use in 1176 patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"46","author":"Selinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13700","article-title":"Steroid dependency and trends in prescribing for inflammatory bowel disease - a 20-year national population-based study","volume":"44","author":"Chhaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158017","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and complications in a US inflammatory bowel disease cohort","volume":"11","author":"Waljee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001220","article-title":"Trends in corticosteroid use during the era of biologic therapy: a population-based analysis","volume":"116","author":"Targownik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.006","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"158","author":"Feuerstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.022","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Clinical Practice Guideline on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"160","author":"Feuerstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib24","article-title":"Use of corticosteroids for remission induction therapy in patients with new-onset ulcerative colitis in real-world settings","volume":"7","author":"Okayasu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mark Access Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.12.008","article-title":"AGA Technical Review on the management of mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis","volume":"156","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib26","first-page":"CD000543","article-title":"Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib27","first-page":"CD007698","article-title":"Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"2015","author":"Sherlock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.08.003","article-title":"Once-daily budesonide MMX\u00ae extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study","volume":"143","author":"Sandborn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304258","article-title":"Once-daily budesonide MMX in active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the randomised CORE II study","volume":"63","author":"Travis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx032","article-title":"Budesonide multimatrix is efficacious for mesalamine-refractory, mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S263835","article-title":"Budesonide MMX in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: current perspectives on efficacy and safety","volume":"17","author":"Maconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199606000-00010","article-title":"Beclomethasone dipropionate (3 mg) versus 5-aminosalicylic acid (2 g) versus the combination of both (3 mg\/2 g) as retention enemas in active ulcerative proctitis","volume":"8","author":"Mulder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2010.11.006","article-title":"3g mesalazine granules are superior to 9mg budesonide for achieving remission in active ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, double-dummy, randomised trial","volume":"5","author":"Gross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2006.02743.x","article-title":"Budesonide foam versus budesonide enema in active ulcerative proctitis and proctosigmoiditis","volume":"23","author":"Gross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5302.441","article-title":"Out-patient treatment of ulcerative colitis. Comparison between three doses of oral prednisone","volume":"2","author":"Baron","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90552-2","article-title":"Intensive intravenous regimen for severe attacks of ulcerative colitis","volume":"303","author":"Truelove","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)32640-X","article-title":"A controlled evaluation of intravenous adrenocorticotropic hormone and hydrocortisone in the treatment of acute colitis","volume":"69","author":"Kaplan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90323-2","article-title":"Corticotropin versus hydrocortisone in the intravenous treatment of ulcerative colitis. A prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"85","author":"Meyers","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.09.033","article-title":"Response to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature and a meta-regression","volume":"5","author":"Turner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3207","article-title":"Inpatient management of acute severe ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"Fudman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.05.038","article-title":"Tofacitinib for biologic-experienced hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Berinstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002635","article-title":"Tofacitinib in Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis (TACOS): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.18165","article-title":"Treatment of fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"119","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib44","article-title":"The safety of corticosteroid therapy in Crohn\u2019s disease with an abdominal mass","volume":"86","author":"Felder","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology (Springer Nature)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(84)90409-8","article-title":"European Cooperative Crohn\u2019s Disease Study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment","volume":"86","author":"Malchow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib46","first-page":"CD006792","article-title":"Traditional corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2008","author":"Benchimol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.04.023","article-title":"AGA Technical Review on the medical management of moderate to severe luminal and perianal fistulizing Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"160","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311304","article-title":"A comparison of budesonide with prednisolone for active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"331","author":"Rutgeerts","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.2.209","article-title":"Oral budesonide is as effective as oral prednisolone in active Crohn\u2019s disease. The Global Budesonide Study Group","volume":"41","author":"Campieri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib50","first-page":"CD000296","article-title":"Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2015","author":"Rezaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2019.09148","article-title":"Fibrostenotic strictures in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intest Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw055","article-title":"European Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Organisation topical review on prediction, diagnosis and management of fibrostenosing Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"10","author":"Rieder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz180","article-title":"ECCO Guidelines on therapeutics in Crohn\u2019s disease: medical treatment","volume":"14","author":"Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.70","article-title":"Glucocorticosteroid therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90973-6","article-title":"Prednisone as maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis in remission","volume":"1","author":"Lennard-Jones","year":"1965","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib56","first-page":"CD000301","article-title":"Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Steinhart","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90002-I","article-title":"Clinical, biological, and endoscopic picture of attacks of Crohn\u2019s disease. Evolution on prednisolone. Groupe d'Etude Th\u00e9rapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives","volume":"98","author":"Modigliani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.3.360","article-title":"Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Munkholm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib59","first-page":"CD002913","article-title":"Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"2014","author":"Kuenzig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.038","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the management of Crohn\u2019s disease after surgical resection","volume":"152","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70125-3","article-title":"Oral budesonide for prevention of postsurgical recurrence in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"Hellers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200110000-00006","article-title":"Side effects of corticosteroid therapy","volume":"33","author":"Buchman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218","article-title":"Serious infection and mortality in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: more than 5 years of follow-up in the TREAT\u2122 registry","volume":"107","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1710-1492-9-30","article-title":"A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21984","article-title":"Population-based assessment of adverse events associated with long-term glucocorticoid use","volume":"55","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.100008","article-title":"Adverse events of low-to medium-dose oral glucocorticoids in inflammatory diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Hoes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13456","article-title":"Comparative safety of systemic and low-bioavailability steroids in inflammatory bowel disease: systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Bonovas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03891.x","article-title":"Oral budesonide for maintenance of remission of Crohn\u2019s disease: a pooled safety analysis","volume":"29","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02349.x","article-title":"The nitric oxide system and cortisol-induced hypertension in humans","volume":"25","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem311","article-title":"Long-term exposure to medium-dose glucocorticoid therapy associates with hypertension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"47","author":"Panoulas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0282-9","article-title":"Systemic glucocorticoid therapy: a review of its metabolic and cardiovascular adverse events","volume":"74","author":"Fardet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-141-10-200411160-00007","article-title":"Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","author":"Wei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2003.020180","article-title":"Use of oral glucocorticoids and risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in a population based case\u2013control study","volume":"90","author":"Souverein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2009.04322.x","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of systemic glucocorticoid side effects","volume":"49","author":"Moghadam-Kia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(05)70010-3","article-title":"The risks of systemic corticosteroid use","volume":"16","author":"Lester","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.11.018","article-title":"Corticosteroids and wound healing: clinical considerations in the perioperative period","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2010.02.025","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy","volume":"78","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2246-2900","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced myopathy: typology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.6.954","article-title":"Risk of infectious complications in patients taking glucocorticosteroids","volume":"11","author":"Stuck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.012","article-title":"Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"134","author":"Toruner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.09.019","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for herpes zoster among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Gupta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.406","article-title":"Increased risk of pneumonia among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"108","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0b013e3182802a9b","article-title":"Increased risk of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.981_d.x","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"94","author":"Valentine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200108","article-title":"The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"van Staa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporosis Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040134","article-title":"A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk","volume":"19","author":"Kanis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2016-000092","article-title":"Effectiveness of budesonide MMX (Cortiment) for the treatment of mild-to-moderate active ulcerative colitis: study protocol for a prospective multicentre observational cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Danese","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2016.537","article-title":"ACG Clinical Guideline: preventive care in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"112","author":"Farraye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051019","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in inflammatory bowel disease: mechanism to management","volume":"11","author":"Fletcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9580-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"41","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415853-5.00049-2","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis","author":"Adler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199908000-00009","article-title":"Metabolic bone disease in adults with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"5","author":"Adachi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00662-7","article-title":"Bone mineral density in relation to efficacy and side effects of budesonide and prednisolone in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Schoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420010131015","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the risk for initiation of hypoglycemic therapy","volume":"154","author":"Gurwitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-197603000-00009","article-title":"Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism","volume":"271","author":"Olefsky","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1140743","article-title":"Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids","volume":"15","author":"Oray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1218","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in corticosteroids use: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Broersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00136-7","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency","volume":"397","author":"Husebye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib99","article-title":"Glucocorticoid induced adrenal insufficiency","volume":"374","author":"Prete","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70398-1","article-title":"Management of complications of glucocorticoid therapy","volume":"18","author":"Keenan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-9-735","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and peptic ulcer disease: role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"114","author":"Piper","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.02.001","article-title":"Eye and corticosteroids use","volume":"41","author":"Fel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.0067","article-title":"The etiology of steroid cataract","volume":"23","author":"James","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.038638","article-title":"Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data","volume":"65","author":"Pereira da Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2007.07950.x","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced clinical adverse events: frequency, risk factors and patient\u2019s opinion","volume":"157","author":"Fardet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200022020-00004","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced adverse psychiatric effects: incidence, diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Patten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.4065\/81.10.1361","article-title":"Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids","volume":"81","author":"Warrington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(99)00054-8","article-title":"Hippocampal remodeling and damage by corticosteroids: implications for mood disorders","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2012.03.001","article-title":"Prolonged corticosteroid-therapy and anxiety-depressive disorders, longitudinal study over 12 months","volume":"39","author":"Barrimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(83)90022-8","article-title":"Steroid-induced psychiatric syndromes: a report of 14 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Affect disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2019-101371","article-title":"IBD in pregnancy: recent advances, practical management","volume":"12","author":"Christian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-325317","article-title":"Exposure to corticosteroids in pregnancy is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes among infants of mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: results from the PIANO registry","volume":"71","author":"Odufalu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23248","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and risk of orofacial clefts","volume":"100","author":"Skuladottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0b013e3182491e02","article-title":"Use of corticosteroids in early pregnancy is not associated with risk of oral clefts and other congenital malformations in offspring","volume":"21","author":"Bay Bj\u00f8rn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9926(200012)62:6<385::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies","volume":"62","author":"Park-Wyllie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1159\/000151652","article-title":"High-dose methylprednisolone in a pregnant woman with Crohn\u2019s disease and adrenal suppression in her newborn","volume":"94","author":"Homar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.5.610","article-title":"The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation","volume":"160","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Medi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv059","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and the elderly: a review","volume":"9","author":"Taleban","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17520","article-title":"Patients with elderly onset inflammatory bowel disease have a decreased chance of initiation of all types of medications and increased risk of surgeries-a nationwide cohort study","volume":"58","author":"N\u00f8rg\u00e5rd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000747","article-title":"Medication utilization and the impact of continued corticosteroid use on patient-reported outcomes in older patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Geisz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.060","article-title":"AGA Clinical Practice Update on management of inflammatory bowel disease in elderly patients: expert review","volume":"160","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.10.034","article-title":"Incidence and treatment of patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases at 60 years or older in Sweden","volume":"154","author":"Everhov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.313","article-title":"Oral corticosteroids and the risk of serious infections in patients with elderly-onset inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"109","author":"Brassard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.03.002","article-title":"Serious infections and mortality in association with therapies for Crohn\u2019s disease: TREAT registry","volume":"4","author":"Lichtenstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.04.011","article-title":"Impact of age at diagnosis on natural history of patients with elderly-onset ulcerative colitis: a French population-based study","volume":"50","author":"Duricova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000817","article-title":"Age disparities in the use of steroid-sparing therapy for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Govani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.12.027","article-title":"Making a case for patient-reported outcomes in clinical inflammatory bowel disease practice","volume":"16","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwy018","article-title":"Budesonide for the induction and maintenance of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis for the Cochrane Collaboration","volume":"1","author":"Kuenzig","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7019a2","article-title":"Prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries\u2014United States, 2001\u2212 2018","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad045","article-title":"Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist in health care utilization in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Tandon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.202","article-title":"Racial disparities in utilization of specialist care and medications in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"105","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.064","article-title":"Effects of race and ethnicity on diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"160","author":"Barnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0190-x","article-title":"Racial differences in disease extent and severity in patients with ulcerative colitis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"53","author":"Flasar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01942.x","article-title":"Preoperative steroid use and risk of postoperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease undergoing abdominal surgery","volume":"103","author":"Subramanian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00883-7","article-title":"Corticosteroids and immunomodulators: postoperative infectious complication risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients","volume":"125","author":"Aberra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20863","article-title":"Corticosteroids but not infliximab increase short-term postoperative infectious complications in patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"15","author":"Ferrante","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.07.007","article-title":"The impact of preoperative steroid use on short-term outcomes following surgery for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S154235652500535X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S154235652500535X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T07:39:29Z","timestamp":1777966769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S154235652500535X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S154235652500535X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Appropriate Use and Complications of Corticosteroids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.05.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the AGA Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}