{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:34:43Z","timestamp":1793216083719,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cghjournal.org","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:11:35Z","timestamp":1790687495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microscopic Colitis Beyond Histology: Biomarkers and Candidate Endotypes"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bencardino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lo Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snehali","family":"Majumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santanu","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Zammarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia Lina","family":"Pugliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3142-9550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marietta","family":"Iacucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.08.026","article-title":"Update on the epidemiology and management of microscopic colitis","volume":"23","author":"Peery","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620951905","article-title":"European guidelines on microscopic colitis: United European Gastroenterology and European Microscopic Colitis Group statements and recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Miehlke","year":"2021","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.06.027","article-title":"The epidemiology of microscopic colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: population-based study from 2011 to 2019","volume":"20","author":"Tome","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15246","article-title":"A nationwide cohort study of the incidence of microscopic colitis in Sweden","volume":"49","author":"Bergman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001456","article-title":"Budesonide treatment for microscopic colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Sebastian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/142790","article-title":"Recognition of microscopic colitis at colonoscopy","volume":"26","author":"Iacucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.07.015","article-title":"Endoscopic findings and colonic perforation in microscopic colitis: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Marlicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2013.06.004","article-title":"Observer variability in the histopathologic diagnosis of microscopic colitis and subgroups","volume":"44","author":"Fiehn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12531","article-title":"Lymphocytic colitis can be transcriptionally divided into channelopathic and inflammatory lymphocytic colitis","volume":"12","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70156","article-title":"Integrated multi-omic analysis identifies altered colonic brush border profile as a key feature of microscopic colitis","volume":"14","author":"Guagnozzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-023-01094-6","article-title":"Diagnosis and pharmacological management of microscopic colitis in geriatric care","volume":"41","author":"Nielsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcae175.439","article-title":"Frequency of microscopic colitis among patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"117","author":"Elsayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae190.0505","article-title":"P0331 insights from the polish registry of microscopic colitis. The overlapping symptoms of microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Bielski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-5025","article-title":"Microscopic colitis: a diagnostic challenge in patients with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Rusu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib15","first-page":"988","article-title":"Macroscopic findings, incidence and characteristics of microscopic colitis in a large cohort of patients from the United Kingdom","volume":"52","author":"Kane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.04.031","article-title":"Bile acid sequestrants in microscopic colitis: clinical outcomes and utility of bile acid testing","volume":"21","author":"Tome","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000002025","article-title":"Budesonide versus mesalamine in microscopic colitis: a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Malik","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.08.042","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of budesonide, vs mesalazine or placebo, as induction therapy for lymphocytic colitis","volume":"155","author":"Miehlke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2025.12.019","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of advanced therapies in microscopic colitis","volume":"24","author":"Verstockt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.30295","article-title":"Budesonide in collagenous colitis: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial with histologic follow-up","volume":"122","author":"Baert","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.248","article-title":"Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with morphometric analysis","volume":"52","author":"Bonderup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000231747.83760.bd","article-title":"Budesonide treatment and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in colonic mucosa in collagenous colitis","volume":"18","author":"Bonderup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i9.1586","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor induced collagen expression in colonocytes is associated with collagenous colitis","volume":"23","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv235","article-title":"Smoking status influences clinical outcome in collagenous colitis","volume":"10","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad178","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety profile of budesonide maintenance in microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Tome","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12131","article-title":"Budesonide as induction therapy for incomplete microscopic colitis: a randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2021","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20538","article-title":"Observer variability in the histologic diagnosis of microscopic colitis","volume":"15","author":"Limsui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf215","article-title":"Heterogeneity in histological evaluation of microscopic colitis in randomized clinical trials: an umbrella review","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000526809","article-title":"Drug exposure and risk of microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70007","article-title":"Risk factors for microscopic colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Rancz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13583","article-title":"High risk of drug-induced microscopic colitis with concomitant use of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors","volume":"43","author":"Verhaegh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-026-05736-5","article-title":"Drug-induced microscopic colitis: a systematic review of implicated agents and case-level causality","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002886","article-title":"Effectiveness of bile acid sequestrants in microscopic colitis and utility of bile acid testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Tome","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001925","article-title":"Serum 7-alfa-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and fibroblast growth factor-19 as biomarkers diagnosing bile acid malabsorption in microscopic colitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"33","author":"Lyutakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14248","article-title":"Medication-specific variations in morphological patterns of injury in immune check-point inhibitor-associated colitis","volume":"78","author":"Isidro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02895-x","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct immune cell contributions to epithelial barrier dysfunction in checkpoint inhibitor colitis","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12374","article-title":"Celiac disease and risk of microscopic colitis: a nationwide population-based matched cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Bergman","year":"2023","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.03.039","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, and risk factors of microscopic colitis, 1984-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2013.03.007","article-title":"Microscopic colitis patients demonstrate a mixed Th17\/Tc17 and Th1\/Tc1 mucosal cytokine profile","volume":"55","author":"Kumawat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4636-5","article-title":"Microscopic colitis evolved into inflammatory bowel diseases is characterized by increased Th1\/Tc1 cells in colonic mucosal Lamina Propria","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510023909","article-title":"Detection of inflammatory markers in stools from patients with irritable bowel syndrome and collagenous colitis","volume":"41","author":"Lettesj\u00f6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036418","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical intestinal inflammation assessed by the mucosal patch technique: studies of mucosal neutrophil and eosinophil activation in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"53","author":"Kristj\u00e1nsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i43.7012","article-title":"Steroids reduce local inflammatory mediator secretion and mucosal permeability in collagenous colitis patients","volume":"12","author":"Taha","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-021-01814-y","article-title":"Mucosal and Faecal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as potential biomarkers for collagenous colitis","volume":"56","author":"Bakke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S97701","article-title":"Fecal calprotectin: a marker for clinical differentiation of microscopic colitis and irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"9","author":"von Arnim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10020285","article-title":"Serotonin in the pathogenesis of lymphocytic colitis","volume":"10","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34784","article-title":"Mechanisms of diarrhea in collagenous colitis","volume":"123","author":"B\u00fcrgel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-017-1309-2","article-title":"Epithelial barrier dysfunction in lymphocytic colitis through cytokine-dependent internalization of claudin-5 and -8","volume":"52","author":"Barmeyer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4857-7","article-title":"Genetic variation and gene expression levels of tight junction genes indicates relationships between PTEN as well as MAGI1 and microscopic colitis","volume":"63","author":"Nor\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.036376","article-title":"Microscopic colitis demonstrates a T helper cell type 1 mucosal cytokine profile","volume":"60","author":"Tagkalidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa020","article-title":"The water channel aquaporin 8 is a critical regulator of intestinal fluid homeostasis in collagenous colitis","volume":"14","author":"Escudero-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07634.x","article-title":"Mucosal secretion and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in patients with collagenous colitis","volume":"98","author":"Taha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000011611.92440.f2","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)--a possible mediator of inflammation and mucosal permeability in patients with collagenous colitis","volume":"49","author":"Taha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.04.011","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of collagenous colitis identifies hallmarks of nondestructive inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Escudero-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib56","first-page":"41","article-title":"Colonic mucosa barrier defects in collagenous and ischemic colitis","volume":"39","author":"Sakellariou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Histol Histopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy224","article-title":"Expression profiling of inflammatory and immunological genes in collagenous colitis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2021.20247","article-title":"Serum levels of fibroblast growth factor 19 correlate with the severity of diarrhea and independently from intestinal inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease or microscopic colitis","volume":"32","author":"Lyutakov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl13439","article-title":"Cytokine expression of microscopic colitis including interleukin-17","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328346f5be","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphism in microscopic colitis association with the IL-6-174 GG genotype","volume":"23","author":"Koskela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-010-0961-1","article-title":"Differences in the T-bet and GATA-3 expression patterns between lymphocytic colitis and coeliac disease","volume":"457","author":"J\u00f6hrens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw058","article-title":"Immunological differences between lymphocytic and collagenous colitis","volume":"10","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12249","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i34.12249","article-title":"Differential expression of interleukin-1\/toll-like receptor signaling regulators in microscopic and ulcerative colitis","volume":"20","author":"G\u00fcnaltay","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4422-9","article-title":"Reduced IL-37 production increases spontaneous chemokine expressions in Colon epithelial cells","volume":"62","author":"G\u00fcnaltay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9089027","article-title":"Increased mast cell counts and degranulation in microscopic colitis","volume":"2020","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.034165","article-title":"Activation of nuclear factor kappaB in colonic mucosa from patients with collagenous and ulcerative colitis","volume":"54","author":"Andresen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020272","article-title":"Evaluation of melatonin secretion and metabolism exponents in patients with ulcerative and lymphocytic colitis","volume":"23","author":"Chojnacki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2012.06631.x","article-title":"Ion transport and barrier function are disturbed in microscopic colitis","volume":"1258","author":"Barmeyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib69","first-page":"679","article-title":"Increased transmucosal uptake of E. coli K12 in collagenous colitis persists after budesonide treatment","volume":"104","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5535","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i35.5535","article-title":"Mechanism of diarrhea in microscopic colitis","volume":"11","author":"Protic","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.2.170","article-title":"Role of bile acids and bile acid binding agents in patients with collagenous colitis","volume":"46","author":"Ung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1159\/000481197","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor expression in microscopic colitis: a potential role in disease etiopathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000646","article-title":"ENaC dysregulation through activation of MEK1\/2 contributes to impaired Na+ absorption in lymphocytic colitis","volume":"22","author":"Barmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.06.035","article-title":"Microscopic colitis is characterized by intestinal dysbiosis","volume":"18","author":"Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59566-9","article-title":"Association of distinct microbial and metabolic signatures with microscopic colitis","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07045-8","article-title":"Microscopic colitis patients possess a perturbed and inflammatory gut microbiota","volume":"67","author":"Hertz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7266","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i46.7266","article-title":"Lymphocytic colitis: a clue to bacterial etiology","volume":"11","author":"Helal","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000065","article-title":"The gut microbiota in collagenous colitis shares characteristics with inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysbiosis","volume":"10","author":"Carstens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309934","article-title":"Dense genotyping of immune-related loci identifies HLA variants associated with increased risk of collagenous colitis","volume":"66","author":"Westerlind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S642","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz203.955","article-title":"P827 the clinical phenotype of collagenous colitis is associated with T-cell-related genetic variants","volume":"14","author":"Roda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz104","article-title":"Genome-Wide Association Study of microscopic colitis in the UK Biobank confirms immune-related pathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Green","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.063","article-title":"Collagenous colitis is associated with HLA signature and shares genetic risks with other immune-mediated diseases","volume":"159","author":"Stahl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.70024","article-title":"Dissecting microscopic colitis immunopathophysiology: insights from basic research","volume":"13","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"2025","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16381","article-title":"Histological disease activity in patients with microscopic colitis is not related to clinical disease activity or long-term prognosis","volume":"54","author":"Olsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18231","article-title":"Review article: measuring disease severity in inflammatory bowel disease - beyond treat to target","volume":"60","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaf200","article-title":"Automated real-time imaging of intestinal barrier integrity and molecular profiling for early outcome prediction in inflammatory bowel disease: endo-histo-barrier-omics study","volume":"19","author":"Iacucci","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45855-2","article-title":"Mucosal host-microbe interactions associate with clinical phenotypes in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib88","article-title":"Multi-omics derivation of a core gene signature for predicting therapeutic response and characterizing immune dysregulation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjag076","article-title":"Histologic signatures as predictors of intestinal barrier impairment in inflammatory bowel disease: integration with endoscopic and molecular markers","volume":"20","author":"Lo Bello","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00054","article-title":"Biomarkers and microscopic colitis: an unmet need in clinical practice","volume":"4","author":"Pisani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-331579","article-title":"Opening the doors of precision medicine: novel tools to assess intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease and colitis-associated neoplasia","volume":"73","author":"Iacucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332894","article-title":"Endocytoscopy with automated multispectral intestinal barrier pathology imaging for assessment of deep healing to predict outcomes in ulcerative colitis","volume":"73","author":"Majumder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/den.14659","article-title":"Role of ultra-high definition endoscopy (endomicroscopy and endocytoscopy) and real-time histologic examination in inflammatory bowel disease: scoping review","volume":"36","author":"Pal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2012.10.015","article-title":"Computer aided measurement of sub-epithelial collagen band in colon biopsies for collagenous colitis diagnosis","volume":"45","author":"Malekian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izae030","article-title":"AI-luminating artificial intelligence in inflammatory bowel diseases: a narrative review on the role of AI in endoscopy, histology, and imaging for IBD","volume":"30","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"}],"container-title":["Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356526007317?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1542356526007317?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T19:17:35Z","timestamp":1793215055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1542356526007317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S1542356526007317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1542-3565"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1542-3565","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microscopic Colitis Beyond Histology: Biomarkers and Candidate Endotypes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2026.09.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Gastroenterological Association Institute.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}