{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:37:41Z","timestamp":1793093861476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2205205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2205205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EB025819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EB025819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:14:13Z","timestamp":1784128453000},"page":"100356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Humans vs. Robots: Utilization of pointing cues and the mediators of trust in nonverbal communication"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1556-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"Merwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Hammack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-2671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey","family":"Riera-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Keebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik D.","family":"Engeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Wilcox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881419874962","article-title":"Simulated robotic device malfunctions resembling malicious cyberattacks impact human perception of trust, satisfaction, and frustration","volume":"16","author":"Abd","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI.2016.7451733","article-title":"Robot nonverbal behavior improves task performance in difficult collaborations","author":"Admoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"2016 11th ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01017-w","article-title":"Affective responses to trust violations in a human\u2013autonomy teaming context: Humans versus robots","volume":"16","author":"Alarcon","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10343","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i06.6601","article-title":"That and there: Judging the intent of pointing actions with robotic arms","volume":"34","author":"Alikhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib5","series-title":"International handbook of behavioral health assessment","first-page":"1","article-title":"Godspeed questionnaire series: Translations and usage","author":"Bartneck","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-008-0001-3","article-title":"Measurement instruments for the anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety of robots","volume":"1","author":"Bartneck","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2011.10.006","article-title":"Exploring the educational potential of robotics in schools: A systematic review","volume":"58","author":"Benitti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Computers & Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib9","series-title":"Theories of infant development","first-page":"317","article-title":"Joint visual attention in infancy","author":"Butterworth","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17145","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3146838","article-title":"Intuitiveness level: Frustration-based methodology for human\u2013robot interaction gesture elicitation","volume":"10","author":"Canuto","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101663","article-title":"Connecting cues: The role of nonverbal cues in perceived responsiveness","volume":"53","author":"Carmichael","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2020.05.010","article-title":"Best practices in eye tracking research","volume":"155","author":"Carter","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00476-3","article-title":"Gaze facilitates responsivity during hand coordinated joint attention","volume":"11","author":"Caruana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2021.640444","article-title":"Can robots earn our trust the same way humans do? A systematic exploration of competence, warmth, and anthropomorphism as determinants of trust development in HRI","volume":"8","author":"Christoforakos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib15","series-title":"Processes of change in brain and cognitive development: Attention and performance XXI","first-page":"249","article-title":"Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy","author":"Csibra","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.01.005","article-title":"Natural pedagogy","volume":"13","author":"Csibra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1567","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0319","article-title":"Natural pedagogy as evolutionary adaptation","volume":"366","author":"Csibra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11485","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9561143","article-title":"A data-set and a method for pointing direction estimation from depth images for human-robot interaction and VR applications","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2023.1110534","article-title":"Learning to generate pointing gestures in situated embodied conversational agents","volume":"10","author":"Deichler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Robotics and AI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.01.018","article-title":"Educational robotics intervention on executive functions in preschool children: A pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Di Lieto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.2.192","article-title":"The Mini\u2013IPIP scales: Tiny\u2013yet\u2013effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality","volume":"18","author":"Donnellan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(02)00374-3","article-title":"Anthropomorphism and the social robot","volume":"42","author":"Duffy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1518\/0018720024494856","article-title":"The perceived utility of human and automated aids in a visual detection task","volume":"44","author":"Dzindolet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib24","series-title":"2011 IEEE\/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems","first-page":"3367","article-title":"A human\u2013centered approach to robot gesture based communication within collaborative working processes","author":"Ende","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.914672","article-title":"Hybrid force\u2013velocity sliding mode control of a prosthetic hand","volume":"55","author":"Engeberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G\u2217Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2470657","article-title":"The grasp taxonomy of human grasp types","volume":"46","author":"Feix","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x","article-title":"Required sample size to detect the mediated effect","volume":"18","author":"Fritz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.30658\/hmc.1.5","article-title":"Building a stronger CASA: Extending the computers are social actors paradigm","volume":"1","author":"Gambino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human\u2013Machine Communication"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/infa.12579","article-title":"What's the point? Infants' and adults' perception of different pointing gestures","volume":"29","author":"Ger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib31","series-title":"2013 8th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI)","first-page":"349","article-title":"Gestures for industry intuitive human\u2013robot communication from human observation","author":"Gleeson","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1177\/10711813251357911","article-title":"Systematic review of the use and modification of the \u201cTrust in automated systems scale\u201d","volume":"69","author":"Gutzwiller","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib33","series-title":"2013 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation","first-page":"2146","article-title":"Analysis of task\u2013based gestures in human\u2013robot interaction","author":"Haddadi","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MRA.2017.2649298","article-title":"Double\u2013digit growth highlights a boom in robotics [industrial activities]","volume":"24","author":"Hagele","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103145","article-title":"Nonverbal communication","volume":"70","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720811417254","article-title":"A meta\u2013analysis of factors affecting trust in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"53","author":"Hancock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1081086","article-title":"How and why humans trust: A meta\u2013analysis and elaborated model","volume":"14","author":"Hancock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib38","series-title":"Dimensions in communication","first-page":"110","article-title":"Nonverbal communication: Explorations into time, space, action, and object","author":"Harrison","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib39","series-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression\u2013based approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570","article-title":"Trust in automation","volume":"57","author":"Hoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-022-00954-2","article-title":"Human\u2013like movements of industrial robots positively impact observer perception","volume":"15","author":"Hostettler","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib42","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","isbn-type":"print","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34103-8_38","article-title":"Studies on grounding with gaze and pointing gestures in human-robot-interaction","author":"H\u00e4ring","year":"2012","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/9783642341021"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-025-01295-6","article-title":"The influence of robot anthropomorphism and trust violation types on trustworthiness perceptions and trust behaviors","volume":"17","author":"Jessup","year":"2025","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327566IJCE0401_04","article-title":"Foundations for an empirically determined scale of trust in automated systems","volume":"4","author":"Jian","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib45","first-page":"74","article-title":"Looking ahead: Anticipatory cueing of attention to objects others will look at","volume":"7","author":"Joyce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib46","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th international conference on human\u2013robot interaction","first-page":"159","article-title":"The new ontological category hypothesis in human\u2013robot interaction","author":"Kahn","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2023.103479","article-title":"Creepy vs. cool: Switching from human staff to service robots in the hospitality industry","volume":"111","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Hospitality Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2022.11.006","article-title":"Service robots in full\u2013and limited\u2013service restaurants: Extending technology acceptance model","volume":"54","author":"Kao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0148558X9200700205","article-title":"Accommodating outliers and nonlinearity in decision models","volume":"7","author":"Kennedy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-41","article-title":"Electromyogram synergy control of a dexterous artificial hand to unscrew and screw objects","volume":"11","author":"Kent","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2008.26.2.169","article-title":"Anthropomorphic interactions with a robot and robot\u2013like agent","volume":"26","author":"Kiesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1177\/08944393231155674","article-title":"The robot\u2013gender divide: How and why men and women differ in their attitudes toward social robots","volume":"41","author":"Kislev","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Science Computer Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.604977","article-title":"Measurement of trust in automation: A narrative review and reference guide","volume":"12","author":"Kohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s43154-020-00029-y","article-title":"Trust in robots: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"1","author":"Kok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Robotics Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib55","series-title":"2016 11th ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction (HRI)","first-page":"463","article-title":"Human expectations of social robots","author":"Kwon","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acceptance of service robots: A meta\u2013analysis in the hospitality and tourism industry","volume":"33","author":"Ladeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib57","series-title":"Trust in human-robot interaction","first-page":"27","article-title":"Trust: Recent concepts and evaluations in human-robot interaction","author":"Law","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392","article-title":"Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2011.01228.x","article-title":"A prelinguistic gestural universal of human communication","volume":"36","author":"Liszkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557274","article-title":"Robot gestures make difficult tasks easier","author":"Lohse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116485","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3218679","article-title":"3D gesture recognition and adaptation for human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"10","author":"Mahmud","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3658897","article-title":"A meta\u2013analysis of vulnerability and trust in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"13","author":"Mckenna","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024648","article-title":"Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels","volume":"31","author":"Mehrabian","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-023-01034-9","article-title":"Shared knowledge in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI)","volume":"16","author":"Miraglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00153","article-title":"Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers","volume":"56","author":"Nass","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"1-4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-2788-x","article-title":"Gesture-based human-robot interaction for human assistance in manufacturing","volume":"101","author":"Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/1470357211398439","article-title":"Three hierarchical positions of deictic gesture in relation to spoken language: a multimodal interaction analysis","volume":"10","author":"Norris","year":"2011","journal-title":"Visual Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1145\/3472224","article-title":"Impact of anthropomorphic robot design on trust and attention in industrial human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"11","author":"Onnasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human\u2013Robot Interaction"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886","article-title":"Humans and automation: Use, misuse, disuse, abuse","volume":"39","author":"Parasuraman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181311551310","article-title":"From tools to teammates: Toward the development of appropriate mental models for intelligent robots","volume":"55","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society - Annual Meeting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib71","series-title":"2015 24th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO\u2013MAN)","article-title":"Visual pointing gestures for bi\u2013directional human robot interaction in a pick\u2013and\u2013place task","author":"Quintero","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib72","series-title":"Autonomy and artificial intelligence: A threat or savior?","first-page":"129","article-title":"Conceptualizing overtrust in robots: Why do people trust a robot that previously failed?","author":"Robinette","year":"2017"},{"issue":"58","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.abj5425","article-title":"A meta\u2013analysis on the effectiveness of anthropomorphism in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"6","author":"Roesler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2023.108008","article-title":"The dynamics of human\u2013robot trust attitude and behavior \u2014 Exploring the effects of anthropomorphism and type of failure","volume":"150","author":"Roesler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x","article-title":"A new scale for the measurement of interpersonal trust","volume":"35","author":"Rotter","year":"1967","journal-title":"Journal of Personality"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.100.3.349","article-title":"On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models","volume":"100","author":"Rouse","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1559457","article-title":"Gender differences in artificial intelligence: The role of artificial intelligence anxiety","volume":"16","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-013-0196-9","article-title":"To err is human (\u2013like): Effects of robot gesture on perceived anthropomorphism and likability","volume":"5","author":"Salem","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib79","series-title":"Proceedings of the tenth annual ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction","first-page":"141","article-title":"Would you trust a (faulty) robot? Effects of error, task type and personality on human\u2013robot cooperation and trust","author":"Salem","year":"2015"},{"issue":"38","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib80","article-title":"Verbal and non\u2013verbal communication in linguistics","volume":"2","author":"Salim","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-019-00523-0","article-title":"How robots influence humans: A survey of nonverbal communication in social human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"11","author":"Saunderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib82","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2014 ACM\/IEEE international conference on human\u2013robot interaction","first-page":"342","article-title":"Robot deictics: How gesture and context shape referential communication","author":"Saupp\u00e9","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720816634228","article-title":"A meta\u2013analysis of factors influencing the development of trust in automation: Implications for understanding autonomy in future systems","volume":"58","author":"Schaefer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1177\/1071181312561308","article-title":"Classification of robot form: Factors predicting perceived trustworthiness","volume":"56","author":"Schaefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society - Annual Meeting"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2020.102253","article-title":"Trust in humans and robots: Economically similar but emotionally different","volume":"78","author":"Schniter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Psychology"},{"issue":"5\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364917709941","article-title":"Cooperative gestures for industry: Exploring the efficacy of robot hand configurations in expression of instructional gestures for human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"36","author":"Sheikholeslami","year":"2017","journal-title":"The International Journal of Robotics Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib87","article-title":"On the design of human-robot collaboration gestures","volume":"146","author":"Shrinah","year":"2024","journal-title":"AHFE International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib89","series-title":"Infants' Sensitivity to gestures by Humans and Anthropomorphic Robots (doctoral dissertation)","author":"Stotler","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib90","series-title":"2007 IEEE\/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems","first-page":"1441","article-title":"Natural deictic communication with humanoid robots","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01025.x","article-title":"A new look at infant pointing","volume":"78","author":"Tomasello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3570169","article-title":"Nonverbal cues in human\u2013robot interaction: A communication studies perspective","volume":"12","author":"Urakami","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib93","article-title":"Research on the frontier and prospect of service robots in the tourism and hospitality industry based on international core journals: A review","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib94","series-title":"2015 24th IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication (RO\u2013MAN)","article-title":"Meta analysis of the usage of the Godspeed questionnaire series","author":"Weiss","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231201795","article-title":"A shared intentionality account of uniquely human social bonding","volume":"20","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/651257","article-title":"Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis","volume":"37","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0267-6","article-title":"Anthropomorphism: Opportunities and challenges in human\u2013robot interaction","volume":"7","author":"Z\u0142otowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Robotics"}],"container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S294988212600109X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S294988212600109X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:20:50Z","timestamp":1793092850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S294988212600109X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S294988212600109X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Humans vs. Robots: Utilization of pointing cues and the mediators of trust in nonverbal communication","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100356","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100356"}}