{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:37:33Z","timestamp":1793093853229,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UM1TR004548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UM1TR004548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:50:05Z","timestamp":1787932205000},"page":"100389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Simulated self-assessment in large language models: A psychometric approach to AI self-efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4751-1063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel I.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0992-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma L.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-8644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed-Amad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre","family":"Sezgin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1454104","article-title":"A scaffolding intervention to improve self-efficacy in source-based argumentative writing","volume":"15","author":"Allagui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.37.2.122","article-title":"Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency","volume":"37","author":"Bandura","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199606)9:3<189::AID-ANR1790090307>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"The generalized self-efficacy scale in people with arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Barlow","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Care & Research: The Official Journal of the Arthritis Health Professions Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01710-w","article-title":"The turing test is not a good benchmark for thought in LLMs","volume":"7","author":"Bayne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01512-6","article-title":"Assessing and alleviating state anxiety in large language models","volume":"8","author":"Ben-Zion","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v18n3p79","article-title":"EFL college students' writing self-efficacy and strategy use in their summary writing","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"English Language Teaching"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-11-202","article-title":"Rasch analysis of the general self-efficacy scale in a sample of persons with morbid obesity","volume":"11","author":"Bonsaksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"6792","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaec8352","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aec8352","article-title":"Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence","volume":"391","author":"Cheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib12","series-title":"Training verifiers to solve math word problems","article-title":"Grade school math 8K","author":"Cobbe","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5964\/miss.13651","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of Schwarzer & Jerusalem's general self-efficacy scale among Indian adolescents: A factor analysis and multidimensional item response theory approach","volume":"6","author":"Das","year":"2024","journal-title":"Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2015.56","article-title":"Validation of the general self-efficacy scale in psychiatric outpatient care","volume":"27","author":"De Las Cuevas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.03.002","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Persian version of general self-efficacy scale (GSES) among substance abusers the year 2019\u20132020 in Kermanshah city","volume":"8","author":"Farnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib17","series-title":"The pursuit of excellence through education","first-page":"97","article-title":"Achieving academic excellence: A self-regulatory perspective","author":"Ferrari","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.34133\/hds.0284","article-title":"How well do simulated population samples with GPT-4 align with real ones? The case of the eysenck personality questionnaire revised-abbreviated personality test","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Data Science"},{"issue":"113179","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib19","article-title":"Self-efficacy and nontask performance at work. A meta-analytic summary","volume":"241","author":"Fida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib22","article-title":"Bias runs deep: Implicit reasoning biases in persona-assigned LLMs","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv [cs.CL]. arXiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib24","first-page":"37","article-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","volume":"5","author":"Heffernan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Australian Behaviour Modification Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib26","series-title":"Psychiatry and clinical psychology (medrxiv;2025.03.14.25323987v1)","article-title":"Do large language models have a personality? A psychometric evaluation with implications for clinical medicine and mental health AI","author":"Heston","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib28","series-title":"How do people feel about using AI in their dating lives? It's complicated","author":"Huamani","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib29","series-title":"MIMIC-IV, a freely accessible electronic health record dataset","article-title":"The MIMIC code repository: Enabling reproducibility in critical care research","author":"Johnson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib30","article-title":"Large language models pass a standard three-party turing test","volume":"123","author":"Jones","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70031-3","article-title":"Strong and weak alignment of large language models with human values","volume":"14","author":"Khamassi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"260","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"102052","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib33","article-title":"Examining students' self-efficacy and perceptions of task difficulty in learning from multiple texts","volume":"90","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib34","series-title":"Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (2.0.0) [R]","author":"Lenth","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib35","series-title":"Pennsylvania sues AI company, saying its chatbots illegally hold themselves out as licensed doctors","author":"Levy","year":"2026"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-0030-5","article-title":"Validation of the Swedish translation of the general self-efficacy scale","volume":"21","author":"L\u00f6ve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib39","article-title":"The assistant axis: Situating and stabilizing the default persona of language models","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"arXiv [cs.CL]. arXiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0809-y","article-title":"Evaluating significance in linear mixed-effects models in R","volume":"49","author":"Luke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3200\/JRLP.139.5.439-457","article-title":"The general self-efficacy scale: Multicultural validation studies","volume":"139","author":"Luszczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib42","series-title":"The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency. FAccT \u201924: The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Rio de Janeiro Brazil","article-title":"When human-AI interactions become parasocial: Agency and anthropomorphism in affective design","author":"Maeda","year":"2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01790-0","article-title":"Cognitive bias in clinical large language models","volume":"8","author":"Mahajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.3390\/su17104298","article-title":"The role of experiencing self-efficacy when completing tasks\u2014education for sustainable development in mathematics","volume":"17","author":"Meyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib46","series-title":"AI is giving bad advice to flatter its users, says new study on dangers of overly agreeable chatbots","author":"O'Brien","year":"2026"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231214460","article-title":"AI psychometrics: Assessing the psychological profiles of large language models through psychometric inventories","volume":"19","author":"Pellert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib49","article-title":"The benefits and dangers of anthropomorphic conversational agents","volume":"122","author":"Peter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib52","series-title":"Contemporary psychometrics - New developments and applications","article-title":"Transforming psychometrics: Integrating technology, and application in the 21st century","author":"Sadaf Mubashir","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164406288171","article-title":"Measuring general self-efficacy: A comparison of three measures using item response theory","volume":"66","author":"Scherbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1015-5759.18.3.242","article-title":"Is general self-efficacy a universal construct?","volume":"18","author":"Scholz","year":"2002","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychological Assessment: Official Organ of the European Association of Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449808406133","article-title":"Coping as a mediator in recovery from cardiac surgery","volume":"13","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychology and Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib57","first-page":"69","article-title":"The assessment of optimistic self\u2010beliefs: Comparison of the German, Spanish, and Chinese versions of the general self\u2010efficacy scale","volume":"46","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychologie Appliquee [Applied Psychology]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib58","series-title":"Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib59","series-title":"PsycTESTS dataset","article-title":"General self-efficacy scale","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1891\/1061-3749.22.1.77","article-title":"A meta-synthesis of health-related self-efficacy instrumentation: Problems and suggestions","volume":"22","author":"Sheer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib61","article-title":"Have large language models developed a personality?: Applicability of self-assessment tests in measuring personality in LLMs","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv [cs.CL]. arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib63","series-title":"CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting Commonsense knowledge","article-title":"CommonsenseQA","author":"Talmor","year":"2019"},{"issue":"236","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433","article-title":"I.\u2014Computing machinery and intelligence","volume":"LIX","author":"Turing","year":"1950","journal-title":"Mind; a Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-026-01007-4","article-title":"Programmed to please: The moral and epistemic harms of AI sycophancy","volume":"6","author":"Turner","year":"2026","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib67","article-title":"Anthropomimetic uncertainty: What verbalized uncertainty in language models is missing","author":"Ulmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [cs.CL]. arXiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00474-6","article-title":"Enhancing our conceptual understanding of state and trait self-efficacy by correlational analysis of four self-efficacy scales in people with spinal cord injury","volume":"8","author":"van Diemen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-025-00986-z","article-title":"Large language models that replace human participants can harmfully misportray and flatten identity groups","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s43681-024-00583-7","article-title":"History, development, and principles of large language models: An introductory survey","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"AI and Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib73","article-title":"Large language model psychometrics: A systematic review of evaluation, validation, and enhancement","author":"Ye","year":"2026","journal-title":"arXiv [cs.CL]. arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib74","first-page":"2124","article-title":"PHAnToM: Persona-based prompting has an effect on theory-of-mind reasoning in large language models","volume":"Vol. 19","author":"Yeo","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389_bib76","series-title":"The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance","first-page":"705","article-title":"Development and adaptation of expertise: The role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949882126001428?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949882126001428?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T09:19:47Z","timestamp":1793092787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949882126001428"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S2949882126001428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-8821"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-8821","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Simulated self-assessment in large language models: A psychometric approach to AI self-efficacy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chbah.2026.100389","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100389"}}