{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T11:49:02Z","timestamp":1776858542727,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1238544000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,4]],"date-time":"2009-03-04T05:24:52Z","timestamp":1236144292000},"page":"257-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["The Concept of Bipolar Disorder in Children: A History of the Bipolar Controversy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Glovinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib1","series-title":"Child psychiatry","author":"Kanner","year":"1935"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib2","series-title":"Bipolar disorders: 100 years after manic depressive insanity","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bipolar disorders: roots and evolution","author":"Marneros","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.08.034","article-title":"The historical roots of the \u201cbipolar spectrum\u201d: did Aristotle anticipate Kraepelin's broad concept of manic-depression?","volume":"100","author":"Pies","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib4","unstructured":"Aretaeus. The extant works of Aretaeus, The Cappadocian. (Adams F editor and translator). Sydenham Society. London: 1856. p. 301\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib5","series-title":"Melancholia and depression","author":"Jackson","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.94.1.33","article-title":"Definition of childhood in psychiatric literature","volume":"94","author":"Bradley","year":"1937","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib7","unstructured":"Greding J.E. Medical aphorisms on melancholy, etc. In: [Trans. in Crichton A], editor. An inquiry into mental derangement II. T Cadell, Jr W Davies, London: 1798. p. 355."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib8","first-page":"317","article-title":"Case of mania in a child six-years old","volume":"1","author":"Morison","year":"1848","journal-title":"J Psychological Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib9","series-title":"Manic depressive illness: bipolar disorders and recurrent depression","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.44.186.459","article-title":"Insanity of children","volume":"44","author":"Beach","year":"1898","journal-title":"J Ment Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraepelin E. Manic-depressive insanity and paranoia [Barclay M, trans.] Edinburgh (UK): Livingstone; 1921.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-192104000-00057"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib12","unstructured":"Cooper JE, Kendall RE, Gurland BJ, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London: a comparative study of mental hospital admissions. Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Monographs 1972 (20)."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780120111013","article-title":"Research diagnostic criteria","volume":"36","author":"Spitzer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib14","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders III. American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC. 1980."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib15","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, III-R","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib16","series-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of mental and behavioural disorders. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X04044083","article-title":"Manic-depressive illness in children: an early twenieth-century view by Theodor Ziehen (1862\u20131950)","volume":"15","author":"Baethge","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hist Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.87.6.897","article-title":"The affective psychoses in children","volume":"10","author":"Kasanin","year":"1931","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib19","first-page":"209","article-title":"The prognosis in manic depressive psychosis NY","volume":"114","author":"Strecker","year":"1921","journal-title":"J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib20","unstructured":"Barrett AM. Manic depressive psychosis in childhood. Nerv Child 1952;9:319\u201325."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib21","series-title":"Mourning and its elation to manic-depressive states","author":"Klein","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib22","series-title":"Selected papers on psychoanalysis","first-page":"137","article-title":"Notes on the psychoanalytic investigations of manic-depressive insanity and allied conditions","author":"Abraham","year":"1911"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib23","unstructured":"Barton-Hall M. Our present knowledge about manic-depressive states. Nerv Child 1952;9:319\u201332."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib24","first-page":"326","article-title":"Differential patterns of manic-depressive disease in childhood","volume":"9","author":"Harms","year":"1952","journal-title":"Nerv Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2004.05.021","article-title":"Further evidence of unique developmental phenotypic correlates of pediatric bipolar disorder: findings from a large sample of clinically referred preadolescent children assessed over the last 7\u00a0years","volume":"82","author":"Biederman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib26","series-title":"Modern trends in child psychiatry","first-page":"135","article-title":"Psychoses in children","author":"Bradley","year":"1945"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1960.tb01979.x","article-title":"Manic-depressive psychosis in childhood","volume":"1","author":"Anthony","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(86)90022-4","article-title":"Mania in prepubertal children: has it been underdiagnosed","volume":"11","author":"Weller","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(01)00380-9","article-title":"Lithium treatment at 52","volume":"67","author":"Schou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770260094012","article-title":"Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents: a survey of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Youngerman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750350020004","article-title":"Lithium carbonate treatment of hyperactive children","volume":"28","author":"Greenhill","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1972.01750190059011","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research","volume":"26","author":"Feighner","year":"1972","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1976.02120050038006","article-title":"Mania in childhood: case studies and a literature review","volume":"130","author":"Weinberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)60878-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of childhood depression: a comparison of the Weinberg and DSM-III criteria","volume":"21","author":"Carlson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.5.702","article-title":"Manic-depressive variant syndrome in childhood","volume":"136","author":"Davis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib36","series-title":"Children's depression rating scale","author":"Poznanski","year":"1996"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300064008","article-title":"The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview. Test-retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version","volume":"42","author":"Chambers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib38","series-title":"Children's depression inventory","author":"Kovacs","year":"1994"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62207-X","article-title":"A survey of depressive symptoms in a child and adolescent psychiatric population: interview data","volume":"18","author":"Carlson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750320053009","article-title":"The stages of mania. A longitudinal analysis of the manic episode","volume":"28","author":"Carlson","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62285-8","article-title":"Manic depressive illness in early adolescence: a study of clinical and diagnostic characteristics in six cases","volume":"17","author":"Carlson","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib42","series-title":"Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence","first-page":"61","article-title":"Bipolar affective disorder in childhood and adolescence","author":"Carlson","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01573.x","article-title":"Annotation: child and adolescent mania- diagnostic considerations","volume":"31","author":"Carlson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib44","first-page":"273","article-title":"Classification issues of bipolar disorders in childhood","volume":"4","author":"Carlson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychiatr Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.486.429","article-title":"Some familial and social factors in depressive illness","volume":"112","author":"Monro","year":"1966","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(67)90007-6","article-title":"The natural history of affective disorders. I. Symptoms of 72 patients at the time of index hospital admission","volume":"5","author":"Woodruff","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770350059005","article-title":"Secondary mania","volume":"35","author":"Krauthammer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(85)72847-2","article-title":"Organic manic disorders","volume":"26","author":"Stasiek","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199507000-00010","article-title":"Mania-like symptoms suggestive of childhood-onset bipolar disorder in clinically referred children","volume":"34","author":"Wozniak","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib50","first-page":"871","article-title":"Prepubertal bipolar disorder","volume":"40","author":"NIMH Research Roundtable","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.430","article-title":"Defining clinical phenotypes of juvenile mania","volume":"160","author":"Leibenluft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579406060494","article-title":"Diagnostic and measurement issues in the assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder: implications for understanding mood disorder across the life cycle","volume":"18","author":"Youngstrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0649-5","article-title":"Prepubertal mania: diagnostic differences","volume":"17","author":"Dubicka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib55","author":"e-AACAP Roundtable"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00672.x","article-title":"Emotion and emotion regulation: from another perspective","volume":"75","author":"Langlois","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.042","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children","volume":"60","author":"Brotman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056499308001041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056499308001041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T22:37:43Z","timestamp":1760999863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1056499308001041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1056499308001041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-4993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-4993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Concept of Bipolar Disorder in Children: A History of the Bipolar Controversy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2008.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}