{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:53:05Z","timestamp":1773388385095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T09:29:26Z","timestamp":1578389366000},"page":"409-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Intersection of Eating Disorders and the Female Profile of Autism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Stokes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2244","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in eating disorder populations: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Huke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2641-0","article-title":"Using the autism-spectrum quotient to measure autistic traits in anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Westwood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0791-9","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: an updated literature review","volume":"19","author":"Westwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib4","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030679","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women","volume":"122","author":"Stice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2361","article-title":"Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"120","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.03.013","article-title":"What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Loomes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.10.003","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences and autism: setting the scene for future research","volume":"54","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211070110","article-title":"Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior","volume":"110","author":"Robinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U\u00a0S\u00a0A"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316672178","article-title":"Factors influencing the probability of a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in girls versus boys","volume":"21","author":"Duvekot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0014-3","article-title":"The female protective effect in autism spectrum disorder is not mediated by a single genetic locus","volume":"6","author":"Gockley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32835ee548","article-title":"Sex differences in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Werling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0019-y","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: summarizing evidence gaps and identifying emerging areas of priority","volume":"6","author":"Halladay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1108\/AIA-09-2018-0036","article-title":"Understanding and recognising the female phenotype of autism spectrum disorder and the \u201ccamouflage\u201d hypothesis: a systematic PRISMA review","volume":"5","author":"Allely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0021-4","article-title":"Understanding autism in the light of sex\/gender","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.02.007","article-title":"Gender differences in symptoms of autism spectrum disorders in toddlers","volume":"5","author":"Sipes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020835","article-title":"A\u00a0behavioral comparison of male and female adults with high functioning autism spectrum conditions","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316671012","article-title":"Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism","volume":"21","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-018-0226-4","article-title":"Risk markers for suicidality in autistic adults","volume":"9","author":"Cassidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2872-8","article-title":"The experiences of late-diagnosed women with autism spectrum conditions: an investigation of the female autism phenotype","volume":"46","author":"Bargiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181ba0f9f","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorders in infancy and toddlerhood: a review of the evidence on early signs, early identification tools, and early diagnosis","volume":"30","author":"Barbaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2016.10.002","article-title":"Using the Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R) disentangle the heterogeneity of autistic traits in an Italian eating disorder population","volume":"32","author":"Vagni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2018.06.008","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and problems diagnosing autism spectrum disorder in girls","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.05.017","article-title":"Gender bias, female resilience, and the sex ratio in autism","volume":"51","author":"Constantino","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-5-19","article-title":"Gender differences in emotionality and sociability in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Head","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-6-6","article-title":"Do women with eating disorders who have social and flexibility difficulties really have autism? A case series","volume":"6","author":"Mandy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-005-0494-3","article-title":"Childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorders in adult eating disorder patients","volume":"14","author":"Wentz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-5-56","article-title":"An examination of autism spectrum traits in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and their parents","volume":"5","author":"Rhind","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-017-0128-x","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of autistic symptoms in women with anorexia nervosa","volume":"8","author":"Westwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0301-x","article-title":"Assessing ASD in adolescent females with anorexia nervosa using clinical and developmental measures: a preliminary investigation","volume":"46","author":"Westwood","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1133-5","article-title":"The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): a scale to assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: an international validation study","volume":"41","author":"Ritvo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-222","article-title":"Levels of autistic traits in anorexia nervosa: a comparative psychometric study","volume":"13","author":"Courty","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20980","article-title":"Investigating autism spectrum disorder and autistic traits in early onset eating disorder","volume":"45","author":"Pooni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2269","article-title":"The clinical implications of high levels of autism spectrum disorder features in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Huke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-24","article-title":"Do girls with anorexia nervosa have elevated autistic traits?","volume":"4","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22032","article-title":"Altered social hedonic processing in eating disorders","volume":"45","author":"Tchanturia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.001","article-title":"The socio-emotional processing stream in anorexia nervosa","volume":"35","author":"Oldershaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0648-5","article-title":"Comparison of eating attitudes between adolescent girls with and without Asperger syndrome: daughters\u2019 and mothers\u2019 reports","volume":"39","author":"Kalyva","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12495","article-title":"Is autism curable?","volume":"56","author":"B\u00f6lte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0282-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates","volume":"14","author":"Smink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib42","first-page":"13","article-title":"The cognitive-interpersonal maintenance model of anorexia nervosa revisited: a summary of the evidence for cognitive, socio-emotional and interpersonal predisposing and perpetuating factors","volume":"1","author":"Treasure","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Eat Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2497","article-title":"Impact of ASD traits on treatment outcomes of eating disorders in girls","volume":"25","author":"Stewart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1531831","article-title":"Same behaviours, different reasons: what do patients with co-occurring anorexia and autism want from treatment?","volume":"31","author":"Kinnaird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361317722431","article-title":"Characteristics of autism spectrum disorder in anorexia nervosa: a naturalistic study in an inpatient treatment programme","volume":"23","author":"Tchanturia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","article-title":"The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians","volume":"31","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib47","first-page":"780","article-title":"Anorexia and autism: a cautionary note","volume":"26","author":"Hiller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychologist"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102251","article-title":"Attenuation of typical sex differences in 800 adults with autism vs. 3,900 controls","volume":"9","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-5-29","article-title":"The Sensory Perception Quotient (SPQ): development and validation of a new sensory questionnaire for adults with and without autism","volume":"5","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/10883576060210030401","article-title":"Feeding problems in children with autism spectrum disorders: a review","volume":"21","author":"Ledford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12157","article-title":"Efficacy of interventions to improve feeding difficulties in children with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0840-2","article-title":"Sensory processing subtypes in autism: association with adaptive behavior","volume":"40","author":"Lane","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3166-5","article-title":"\u201cPutting on my best normal\u201d: social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions","volume":"47","author":"Hull","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample","volume":"47","author":"Simonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2000.00308.x","article-title":"Eating disorders in adults with intellectual disability","volume":"44","author":"Gravestock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2012.05.018","article-title":"How different are girls and boys above and below the diagnostic threshold for autism spectrum disorders?","volume":"51","author":"Dworzynski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105649931930118X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105649931930118X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T22:48:21Z","timestamp":1761000501000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S105649931930118X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S105649931930118X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-4993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-4993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intersection of Eating Disorders and the Female Profile of Autism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2019.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}