{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:31:36Z","timestamp":1793280696533,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:56:43Z","timestamp":1782763003000},"page":"655-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Updated Review for the Treatment of Adolescent Nicotine Use Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila M.","family":"Vaezazizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pantea","family":"Farahmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib1","series-title":"Burden of tobacco use in the U.S","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.13403","article-title":"Vaping in youth","volume":"332","author":"Winickoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7335a3","article-title":"Notes from the field: e-cigarette and nicotine pouch use among middle and high school students \u2014 united States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Park-Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"107","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003062","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for a gateway drug: epigenetic changes initiated by nicotine prime gene expression by cocaine","volume":"3","author":"Levine","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.6263","article-title":"Substance use, suicidal thoughts, and psychiatric comorbidities among high school students","volume":"178","author":"Tervo-Clemmens","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2300229","article-title":"Population-based disease odds for e-cigarettes and dual use versus cigarettes","volume":"3","author":"Glantz","year":"2024","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib9","series-title":"Promoting positive adolescent health behaviors and outcomes: thriving in the 21st century","year":"2019"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270492","article-title":"Nicotine and the adolescent brain","volume":"593","author":"Yuan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib11","series-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132024: overview and detailed results for secondary school students. Monitoring the future monograph series","author":"Miech","year":"2025"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7341a2","article-title":"Tobacco product use among middle and high school students \u2014 national youth tobacco survey, United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"Jamal","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202507-1577ST","article-title":"Treatment of nicotine use in adolescents under 18 years of age: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"211","author":"Bauer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib14","article-title":"Mammoths roamed when humans started using tobacco at least 12,300 years ago","author":"Nuwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib15","author":"Courtney"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2021-056544","article-title":"Evolution of tobacco products: recent history and future directions","volume":"31","author":"O'Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2018-054419","article-title":"Heat-not-burn tobacco products: a systematic literature review","volume":"28","author":"Simonavicius","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12977","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes: what are they and what do they do?","volume":"1394","author":"Breland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib19","article-title":"Interventions for quitting vaping. Cochrane Central Editorial Service","volume":"2025","author":"Butler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib20","first-page":"229","article-title":"Tobacco use among high school students \u2014 united States, 1997","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.31486\/toj.23.0113","article-title":"Trends in cigarette smoking among United States adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Mejia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ochsner J"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.40671","article-title":"Nicotine addiction and intensity of e-cigarette use by adolescents in the US, 2014 to 2021","volume":"5","author":"Glantz","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063984","article-title":"Modification of electronic nicotine delivery systems among adolescents and young adults","volume":"154","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1727","article-title":"High school students\u2019 use of electronic cigarettes to vaporize cannabis","volume":"136","author":"Morean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13065-023-00918-1","article-title":"Harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in two novel nicotine pouch products in comparison with regular smokeless tobacco products and pharmaceutical nicotine replacement therapy products (NRTs)","volume":"17","author":"Back","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.6739","article-title":"Nicotine pouch and e-cigarette use and co-use among US youths in 2023 and 2024","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011157","article-title":"Estimating the health impact of nicotine exposure by dissecting the effects of nicotine versus non-nicotine constituents of tobacco smoke: a multivariable Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"20","author":"Khouja","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1488","article-title":"Association between initial use of e-Cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"171","author":"Soneji","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20206936","article-title":"Systematic review and critical analysis of longitudinal studies assessing effect of E-Cigarettes on cigarette initiation among adolescent never-smokers","volume":"20","author":"Dautzenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.23277","article-title":"Use of electronic cigarettes among cannabis-naive adolescents and its association with future cannabis use","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.107655","article-title":"Adolescent cannabis vaping trends (2021-2023): delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and synthetic cannabinoids","author":"Chung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859","article-title":"Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes","volume":"23","author":"Goniewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11921","article-title":"Metal concentrations in E-Cigarette aerosol samples: a comparison by device type and flavor","volume":"131","author":"Aherrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.5c00641","article-title":"Elevated toxic element emissions from popular disposable e-cigarettes: sources, life cycle, and health risks","volume":"11","author":"Salazar","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17062146","article-title":"Cancer and non-cancer risk concerns from metals in electronic cigarette liquids and aerosols","volume":"17","author":"Fowles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae131","article-title":"The potential impact of oral nicotine pouches on public health: a scoping review","volume":"27","author":"Travis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04598-8","article-title":"What is the impact of nicotine pouches on oral health: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Rungraungrayabkul","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy179","article-title":"Adolescent nicotine exposure induces dysregulation of mesocorticolimbic activity states and depressive and anxiety-like prefrontal cortical molecular phenotypes persisting into adulthood","volume":"29","author":"Jobson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cerebr Cortex"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000370","article-title":"Mental health outcomes associated with electronic cigarette use, combustible tobacco use, and dual use among U.S. adolescents: insights from the National Youth Tobacco Survey","volume":"2","author":"Abdulhay","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Ment Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172100180X","article-title":"Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Treur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001160","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary impact of electronic cigarettes and vaping products: a scientific statement from the American heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1161\/RES.0000000000000544","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary consequences of vaping in adolescents: a scientific statement from the American heart Association","volume":"131","author":"Wold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.20816","article-title":"Association of electronic cigarette use with incident respiratory conditions among US adults from 2013 to 2018","volume":"3","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2023.105412","article-title":"Long-term e-cigarette aerosol exposure causes pulmonary emphysema in adult female and male mice","volume":"142","author":"Rodriguez-Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001293","article-title":"Impact of smokeless oral nicotine products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American heart Association","volume":"151","author":"Dennison Himmelfarb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa068","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic comparison of a novel non-tobacco-based nicotine pouch (ZYN) with conventional, tobacco-based Swedish snus and American moist snuff","volume":"22","author":"Lunell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1392027","article-title":"Small pouches, but high nicotine doses-nicotine delivery and acute effects after use of tobacco-free nicotine pouches","volume":"15","author":"Mallock-Ohnesorg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.6.607","article-title":"Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients","volume":"156","author":"Knight","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.156.4.397","article-title":"Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: the DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study","volume":"156","author":"DiFranza","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.774","article-title":"An electronic screen for triaging adolescent substance use by risk levels","volume":"168","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2346","article-title":"Validity of brief screening instrument for adolescent tobacco, alcohol, and drug use","volume":"133","author":"Kelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4079-x","article-title":"Validation of the TAPS-1: a four-item screening tool to identify unhealthy substance use in primary care","volume":"32","author":"Gryczynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The fagerstr\u00f6m Test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the fagerstr\u00f6m tolerance questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.06.027","article-title":"Comparing cigarette and e-cigarette dependence and predicting frequency of smoking and e-cigarette use in dual-users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes","volume":"87","author":"Morean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib55","first-page":"388","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: treatment of tobacco and nicotine use in children and adolescents","volume":"209","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2741","article-title":"A public health crisis: electronic cigarettes, vape, and JUUL","volume":"143","author":"Walley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3652","article-title":"E-cigarettes and similar devices","volume":"143","author":"Jenssen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/5.4.515","article-title":"Treatment of adolescent smokers with the nicotine patch","volume":"5","author":"Hanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e407","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1894","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction","volume":"115","author":"Moolchan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.007","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation in adolescents: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"140","author":"Scherphof","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.4.659","article-title":"Nicotine patch therapy in adolescent smokers","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr130","article-title":"Varenicline versus bupropion XL for smoking cessation in older adolescents: a randomized, double-blind pilot trial","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.72.4.729","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of the efficacy of bupropion combined with nicotine patch in the treatment of adolescent smokers","volume":"72","author":"Killen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.11.1068","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 2 dosages of sustained-release bupropion for adolescent smoking cessation","volume":"161","author":"Muramoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.16.1524.50953","article-title":"Bupropion may support psychosocial treatment of nicotine-dependent adolescents: preliminary results","volume":"24","author":"Niederhofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.3810","article-title":"Varenicline for youth nicotine vaping cessation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"333","author":"Evins","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2009.01.003","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of varenicline in healthy adolescent smokers: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study","volume":"31","author":"Faessel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.3553","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of varenicline for adolescent smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"173","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.07.011","article-title":"Tobacco cessation behaviors among U.S. middle and high school students, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.07.007","article-title":"Treatment of adolescent e-cigarette use: limitations of existing nicotine use disorder treatment and future directions for e-cigarette use cessation","volume":"60","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2019.08.002","article-title":"Nicotine use disorders in adolescents","volume":"66","author":"Cavallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490701641173","article-title":"Combining cognitive behavioral therapy with contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers: a preliminary comparison of two different cbt formats","volume":"16","author":"Cavallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.14.3.306","article-title":"Contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers","volume":"14","author":"Krishnan-Sarin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.07.001","article-title":"Motivational interviewing for adolescent substance use: a review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Barnett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1017\/S135246580001643X","article-title":"What is motivational interviewing?","volume":"23","author":"Rollnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13806","article-title":"Extended treatment for cigarette smoking cessation: a randomized control trial: extended CBT for smoking cessation","volume":"112","author":"Laude","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib77","series-title":"Handbook of dialectical behavior therapy: theory, research, and evaluation","first-page":"393","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.2015.69.2.111","article-title":"Transdiagnostic applications of DBT for adolescents and adults","volume":"69","author":"Ritschel","year":"2015","journal-title":"APT"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1151\/ascp084239","article-title":"Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers","volume":"4","author":"Dimeff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.70074","article-title":"Dialectical behavior therapy skills training as a brief intervention for cigarette smoking by patients with cancer: a scoping review and narrative synthesis of related literature","volume":"34","author":"McCall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13362","article-title":"Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for individuals with substance use disorder: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Warner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2018.1548719","article-title":"Field test of a dialectical behavior therapy skills training\u2013based intervention for smoking cessation and opioid relapse prevention in methadone treatment","volume":"15","author":"Cooperman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dual Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp192","article-title":"Communication about smoking between depressed adolescents and their parents","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2016.1197941","article-title":"Adolescent substance use in the context of the family: a qualitative study of young people\u2019s views on parent-child attachments, parenting style and parental substance use","volume":"51","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.03.036","article-title":"Parental factors and adolescents\u2019 smoking behavior: an extension of the theory of planned behavior","volume":"39","author":"Harakeh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2011.581969","article-title":"The protective influence of family bonding on smoking initiation in adolescents by racial\/ethnic and age subgroups","volume":"20","author":"Mahabee-Gittens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntr192","article-title":"The role of family influences on adolescent smoking in different racial\/ethnic groups","volume":"14","author":"Mahabee-Gittens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.3.368","article-title":"Parenting behaviors and the onset of smoking and alcohol use: a longitudinal study","volume":"94","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.4.348","article-title":"Antismoking parenting practices are associated with reduced rates of adolescent smoking","volume":"158","author":"Andersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2010.035998","article-title":"The association between home smoking restrictions and youth smoking behaviour: a review","volume":"19","author":"Emory","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp034","article-title":"Parental and peer influences on teen smoking: are white and Black families different?","volume":"11","author":"Skinner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst087","article-title":"Authoritative parenting and cigarette smoking among multiethnic preadolescents: the mediating role of anti-tobacco parenting strategies","volume":"39","author":"Stanton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.180","article-title":"Youth perceptions of parental involvement and monitoring, discrepancies with parental perceptions, and their associations with first cigarette use in black and white girls","volume":"81","author":"Sartor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.11.022","article-title":"Authoritative parenting style and adolescent smoking and drinking","volume":"37","author":"Piko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(00)00056-0","article-title":"Parental modeling and parenting behavior effects on offspring alcohol and cigarette use: a growth curve analysis","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.705","article-title":"Which parenting style is more protective against adolescent substance use? Evidence within the European context","volume":"138","author":"Calafat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib97","article-title":"Clinical approach to the treatment of e-cigarette use among adolescents","volume":"52","author":"Kaliamurthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adol Health Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib98","first-page":"119","article-title":"Parent\u2013child connectedness and communication in relation to alcohol, tobacco and drug use in adolescence: an integrative review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Carver","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(99)00003-6","article-title":"Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT): engaging unmotivated drug users in treatment","volume":"10","author":"Meyers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib100","article-title":"Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group","volume":"2016","author":"Lindson-Hawley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000170881.94451.14","article-title":"A practical clinical approach to the treatment of nicotine dependence in adolescents","volume":"44","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr"}],"container-title":["Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105649932600043X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S105649932600043X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:32:42Z","timestamp":1793277162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S105649932600043X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S105649932600043X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-4993"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-4993","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Updated Review for the Treatment of Adolescent Nicotine Use Disorders","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chc.2026.05.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}