{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:00:25Z","timestamp":1772812825758,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,12]],"date-time":"2020-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599868800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":255,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T05:24:15Z","timestamp":1567920255000},"page":"124788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Microwave and open vessel digestion methods for biochar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"239","author":[{"given":"Pathum D.","family":"Wathudura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0033-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chathuri","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-2787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanaka M.","family":"Navarathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4858-1372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd E.","family":"Mlsna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.N.","family":"Kaumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2923-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meththika","family":"Vithanage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameera R.","family":"Gunatilake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00277a031","article-title":"Critical evaluation of some wet digestion methods for the stripping voltammetric determination of selenium in biological materials","volume":"56","author":"Adeloju","year":"1984","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2013.02.010","article-title":"Biochar production by sewage sludge pyrolysis","volume":"101","author":"Agrafioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071","article-title":"Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review","volume":"99","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1021\/jp983745o","article-title":"Nitric\/nitrous acid equilibria in supercritical water","volume":"103","author":"Chlistunoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2012.656167","article-title":"Comparison of wet-digestion and dry-ashing methods for total elemental analysis of biochar","volume":"43","author":"Enders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib6","series-title":"Microwave-Assisted Sample Preparation for Trace Element Determination","author":"Flores","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib7","first-page":"1440","article-title":"Analysis of estrogens in wastewater using solid-phase extraction, QuEChERS cleanup, and liquid chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"96","author":"Gunatilake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0AOAC Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9267","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY01804D","article-title":"A\u00a0novel approach to determine estrogenic hormones in swine lagoon wastewater using the QuEChERS method combined with solid phase extraction and LC\/MS\/MS analysis","volume":"6","author":"Gunatilake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2008.05.040","article-title":"Effect of synthesis conditions on nano-iron (hydr) oxide impregnated granulated activated carbon","volume":"146","author":"Hristovski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib10","first-page":"323","article-title":"Sorptive removal of toluene and m-xylene by municipal solid waste biochar: simultaneous municipal solid waste management and remediation of volatile organic compounds","volume":"238","author":"Jayawardhana","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.08.124","article-title":"Lead and cadmium remediation using magnetized and nonmagnetized biochar from Douglas fir","volume":"331","author":"Karunanayake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.02.116","article-title":"Rapid removal of salicylic acid, 4-nitroaniline, benzoic acid and phthalic acid from wastewater using magnetized fast pyrolysis biochar from waste Douglas fir","volume":"319","author":"Karunanayake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-015-0873-3","article-title":"Biochar as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions [Cadmium (II), Copper (II), Lead (II), Zinc (II)] from aqueous phase","volume":"13","author":"Komkiene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00030a017","article-title":"Peroxynitrite, a cloaked oxidant formed by nitric oxide and superoxide","volume":"5","author":"Koppenol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2006.08.003","article-title":"Estimating charcoal content in forest mineral soils","volume":"137","author":"Kurth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib16","first-page":"103R","article-title":"Microwave digestion procedures for environmental matrices","volume":"123","author":"Lamble","year":"1998","journal-title":"Critic. Rev. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.01.050","article-title":"Determination of heavy metals in activated charcoals and carbon black for Lyocell fiber production using direct solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry","volume":"81","author":"Lepri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2013.11.018","article-title":"Does biochar application alter heavy metal dynamics in agricultural soil?","volume":"184","author":"Lucchini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib19","unstructured":"Martin, P., 2005. Method and apparatus for producing a peroxyacid solution. Google Patents."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib20","article-title":"Surface preparation for film and coating deposition processes","volume":"108","author":"Mattox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Handb. Deposit. Technol. Films Coat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib21","series-title":"Nitric-perchloric Acid Wet Digestion in an Open Vessel. Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis","first-page":"57","author":"Miller","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1071\/SR10049","article-title":"Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"48","author":"Namgay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1080\/00103629309368980","article-title":"A\u00a0convenient wet digestion procedure for multielement analysis of plant materials","volume":"24","author":"Novozamsky","year":"1993","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.150","article-title":"Biochar based removal of antibiotic sulfonamides and tetracyclines in aquatic environments: a critical review","volume":"246","author":"Peiris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib25","series-title":"Biochar from Biomass and Waste","first-page":"211","article-title":"Chapter 11 - biochar for sustainable agriculture: nutrient dynamics, soil enzymes, and crop growth","author":"Peiris","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17612","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA02729G","article-title":"The influence of three acid modifications on the physicochemical characteristics of tea-waste biochar pyrolyzed at different temperatures: a comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Peiris","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.6.3465","article-title":"Metabolic fate of peroxynitrite in aqueous solution Reaction with nitric oxide and pH-dependent decomposition to nitrite and oxygen in a 2: 1 stoichiometry","volume":"272","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3846\/16486897.2011.557473","article-title":"Anthropogenic effects on heavy metals and macronutrients accumulation in soil and wood of Pinus sylvestris L","volume":"19","author":"Pundyt\u0117","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib29","series-title":"Silicon Carbide Biotechnology: A Biocompatible Semiconductor for Advanced Biomedical Devices and Applications","author":"Saddow","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1071\/SR10058","article-title":"Characterisation and evaluation of biochars for their application as a soil amendment","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2011.11.018","article-title":"Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.01.070","article-title":"Application of biochar from sewage sludge to plant cultivation: influence of pyrolysis temperature and biochar-to-soil ratio on yield and heavy metal accumulation","volume":"109","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(92)90378-6","article-title":"Comparison of wet digestion procedures for the determination of cadmium and lead in marine biological tissues by Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry","volume":"125","author":"Tinggi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib34","series-title":"Method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils, Revision 2","author":"USEPA","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib35","series-title":"Method 3052: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Siliceous and Organically Based Matrices","author":"USEPA","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib36","series-title":"Method 3051A: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils","author":"USEPA","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1039\/B200644H","article-title":"Efficiency of oxidation in wet digestion procedures and influence from the residual organic carbon content on selected techniques for determination of trace elements","volume":"17","author":"Wasilewska","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anal. At. Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.050","article-title":"Amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1081\/SS-200033140","article-title":"Electrophilic aromatic substitutions of amine and sulfonate onto fine-grained activated carbon for aqueous-phase metal ion removal","volume":"39","author":"Yantasee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Separ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1021\/jp027500u","article-title":"Effect of chemical oxidation on the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Chem. B"}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653519320259?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653519320259?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T10:49:20Z","timestamp":1758624560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653519320259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0045653519320259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microwave and open vessel digestion methods for biochar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124788","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124788"}}