{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:54:57Z","timestamp":1793300097220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001459","name":"Ministry of Education - Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571130072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571130072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41861144026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41861144026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004493","name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2279\/R0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2279\/R0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004493","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFA0601002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0601002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T05:30:08Z","timestamp":1569907808000},"page":"125024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Nitrate sources and formation of rainwater constrained by dual isotopes in Southeast Asia: Example from Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"241","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9931-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-9675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Si-Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3733-7216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu-Jun","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4948-2859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shao-Neng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zong-Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Li","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong-Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-5043-2009","article-title":"Quantifying atmospheric nitrate formation pathways based on a global model of the oxygen isotopic composition (\u039417O) of atmospheric nitrate","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26881","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900247","article-title":"Impact of biomass burning on rainwater acidity and composition in Singapore","volume":"104","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013801805621","article-title":"Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore","volume":"130","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water, Air, Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.06.043","article-title":"Changes in atmospheric nitrate deposition in Germany-an isotopic perspective","volume":"194","author":"Beyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11647","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-11647-2018","article-title":"Nitrogen isotope fractionation during gas-to-particle conversion of NOx to NO3- in the atmosphere implications for isotope-based NOx source apportionment","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.09.061","article-title":"Seasonal variations of nitrate dual isotopes in wet deposition in a tropical city in China","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06503","article-title":"Loss of plant species after chronic low-level nitrogen deposition to prairie grasslands","volume":"451","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L15805","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047539","article-title":"Analysis of atmospheric inputs of nitrate to a temperate forest ecosystem from \u039417O isotope ratio measurements","volume":"38","author":"Costa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"D4","key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7149","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD02979","article-title":"Reaction of N2O5 on tropospheric aerosols - impact on the global distributions of NOx, O3, and OH","volume":"98","author":"Dentener","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7661","DOI":"10.1021\/es070898t","article-title":"Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of NOx source contributions to atmospheric nitrate deposition across the Midwestern and Northeastern United States","volume":"41","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.177","article-title":"Isotopic advances in understanding reactive nitrogen deposition and atmospheric processing","volume":"662","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-1313-2011","article-title":"Anthropogenic imprints on nitrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of precipitation nitrate in a nitrogen-polluted city in southern China","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.04.005","article-title":"Isotopic composition of passively collected nitrogen dioxide emissions: vehicle, soil and livestock source signatures","volume":"92","author":"Felix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib14","series-title":"The Weather and Climate of Singapore","author":"Fong","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00874","article-title":"On the interaction of isotopic exchange processes with photochemical reactions in atmospheric oxides of nitrogen","volume":"98","author":"Freyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136674","article-title":"Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions","volume":"320","author":"Galloway","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5808","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319441111","article-title":"Nitrogen isotopes in ice core nitrate linked to anthropogenic atmospheric acidity change","volume":"111","author":"Geng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058167","article-title":"Insights into anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to the North Atlantic investigated using the isotopic composition of aerosol and rainwater nitrate","volume":"40","author":"Gobel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-006-9109-y","article-title":"Contribution of dissolved organic nitrogen deposition to total dissolved nitrogen deposition under intensive agricultural activities","volume":"178","author":"Ham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib20","series-title":"Haze in Singapore-source Attribution of Biomass Burning from Southeast Asia. Atmospheric Chemistry Physics Discussion in Review","author":"Hansen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003789","article-title":"Isotopic evidence for source changes of nitrate in rain at Bermuda","volume":"108","author":"Hastings","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2113\/gselements.9.5.339","article-title":"Stable isotopes as tracers of anthropogenic nitrogen sources, deposition, and impacts","volume":"9","author":"Hastings","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10874-008-9118-x","article-title":"Rain-aerosol coupling in the tropical atmosphere of Southeast Asia: distribution and scavenging ratios of major ionic species","volume":"60","author":"He","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Atmos. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.02.036","article-title":"Dry and wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus in Singapore","volume":"45","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11520","article-title":"Continuous real-time analysis of the isotopic composition of precipitation during tropical rain events: insights into tropical convection","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusb.v42i3.15223","article-title":"15N\/14N ratios of NOx from vehicle engines and coal-fired power stations","volume":"42","author":"Heaton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Tellus B Chem. Phys. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(57)90021-2","article-title":"The isotopic composition of the ammonia and the nitrate ion in rain","volume":"12","author":"Hoering","year":"1957","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00028-6","article-title":"Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore","volume":"51","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25395","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02075","article-title":"The isotopic composition of tropospheric ozone in three environments","volume":"102","author":"Johnston","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.08.057","article-title":"Inorganic ion and nitrogen isotopic compositions of atmospheric aerosols at Yurihonjo, Japan: implications for nitrogen sources","volume":"45","author":"Kawashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004203","article-title":"Impacts of biomass burning in Southeast Asia on ozone and reactive nitrogen over the western Pacific in spring","volume":"109","author":"Kondo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.01.042","article-title":"Nitrogen isotopic signature of soil-released nitric oxide (NO) after fertilizer application","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-935-2017","article-title":"MIX: a mosaic Asian anthropogenic emission inventory under the international collaboration framework of the MICS-Asia and HTAP","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4672","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variation of wet and dry spell characteristics of tropical precipitation in Singapore and its association with ENSO","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11917","article-title":"Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China","volume":"494","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-807-2017","article-title":"Decadal changes in global surface NOx emissions from multi-constituent satellite data assimilation","volume":"17","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib37","series-title":"Department of Economic and Social Affairs","author":"Nations","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D23S54","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD007010","article-title":"Reactive nitrogen transport and photochemistry in urban plumes over the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"111","author":"Neuman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-6515-2012","article-title":"Wet and dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen at ten sites in Northern China","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03504","article-title":"NOx from lightning: 1. Global distribution based on lightning physics","volume":"102","author":"Price","year":"1997","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.06.005","article-title":"Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: an initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program","volume":"122","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib42","series-title":"JPL Publication 06-2","author":"Sander","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3488","DOI":"10.1021\/es061943k","article-title":"Characterization and source apportionment of particulate matter \u22642.5 \u03bcm in Sumatra, Indonesia, during a recent peat fire episode","volume":"41","author":"See","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114026","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa86dd","article-title":"Indoor human exposure to size-fractionated aerosols during the 2015 Southeast Asian smoke haze and assessment of exposure mitigation strategies","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2016.12.021","article-title":"Wet deposition fluxes of atmospheric inorganic reactive nitrogen at an urban and rural site in the Indo-Gangetic Plain","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib46","series-title":"MixSIAR GUI User Manual. Version 3.1","author":"Stock","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1517","article-title":"Unifying error structures in commonly used biotracer mixing models","volume":"97","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2016.06.039","article-title":"Theoretical calculation of oxygen equilibrium isotope fractionation factors involving various NO molecules, OH, and H2O and its implications for isotope variations in atmospheric nitrate","volume":"191","author":"Walters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02769","article-title":"Nitrogen isotope composition of thermally produced NOx from various fossil-fuel combustion sources","volume":"49","author":"Walters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.03.006","article-title":"Use of isotopic compositions of nitrate in TSP to identify sources and chemistry in South China Sea","volume":"109","author":"Xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.10302","article-title":"Sources and transport of nitrate constrained by the isotopic technique in a karst catchment: an example from Southwest China","volume":"29","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5923","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b06316","article-title":"First assessment of NOx sources at a regional background site in North China using isotopic analysis linked with modeling","volume":"51","author":"Zong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653519322635?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653519322635?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T10:42:06Z","timestamp":1758624126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653519322635"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0045653519322635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nitrate sources and formation of rainwater constrained by dual isotopes in Southeast Asia: Example from Singapore","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125024","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125024"}}