{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T01:44:09Z","timestamp":1782351849987,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T16:35:32Z","timestamp":1590597332000},"page":"127186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Influence of fluoride on chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"257","author":[{"given":"Shanika","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.T.M.L.D.","family":"Senevirathna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji H.","family":"Harada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohana","family":"Chandrajith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishantha","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Koizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00591-3","article-title":"Oxidative damage to mitochondria is a preliminary step to caspase-3 activation in fluoride-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells","volume":"31","author":"Anuradha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.07.011","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity","volume":"188","author":"Barbier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib3","article-title":"Spatial distribution of fluoride in groundwater of Sri Lanka","volume":"40","author":"Chandrajith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Natl. Sci. Found. Sri Lanka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib4","series-title":"Fluoride in Drinking Water: a Scientific Review of EPA\u2019s Standards","author":"Council","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S90","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014633","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of intravenous fluoride in rats with renal damage caused by high-dose fluoride exposure","volume":"73","author":"Dote","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib6","first-page":"104","article-title":"Guidelines for drinking-water quality","volume":"38","author":"Edition","year":"2011","journal-title":"WHO Chron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib7","series-title":"Fluoride in Drinking-Water","author":"Fawell","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Serum and urine fluoride levels in populations of high environmental fluoride exposure with endemic CKDu: a case\u2013control study from Sri Lanka","author":"Fernando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention","volume":"382","author":"Gansevoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","article-title":"Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease\u2013a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib11","first-page":"273","article-title":"Highlights of fluoride toxicology","volume":"10","author":"Hodge","year":"1968","journal-title":"Jour. OM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(01)00488-0","article-title":"Highly sensitive and rapid method for determination of fluoride ion concentrations in serum and urine using flow injection analysis with a fluoride ion-selective electrode","volume":"308","author":"Itai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-180","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology: prevalence and causative factors in a developing country","volume":"14","author":"Jayatilake","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.05.027","article-title":"Evaluation of kidney injury biomarkers in an adult Mexican population environmentally exposed to fluoride and low arsenic levels","volume":"352","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-C\u00f3rdova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1428-6","article-title":"Skeletal fluorosis due to excessive tea and toothpaste consumption","volume":"22","author":"Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03210070017005","article-title":"Renal failure and fluorosis","volume":"222","author":"Juncos","year":"1972","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib18","series-title":"Fluoride Position Statement-2018 Review","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00365.x","article-title":"Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)","volume":"67","author":"Levey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib20","series-title":"Effects of Fluoridation of Community Water Supplies for People with Chronic Kidney Disease","author":"Ludlow","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib21","series-title":"A\u00a0Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation","author":"McDonagh","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib22","series-title":"Appropriate Use of Fluorides for Human Health","author":"Murray","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12199-011-0224-z","article-title":"Evidence of tubular damage in the very early stage of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib24","article-title":"An integrative study of the genetic, social and environmental determinants of chronic kidney disease characterized by tubulointerstitial damages in the North Central Region of Sri Lanka","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Occup. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib25","series-title":"Water Fluoridation and Human Health in Australia: Questions and Answers","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib27","series-title":"NHMRC Public Statement-Water Fluoridation and Human Health in Australia","author":"National Health and Medical Research Council","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib26","article-title":"Review of water fluoridation and fluoride intake from discretionary fluoride supplements","author":"National Health Medical Research Council","year":"1999","journal-title":"NHMRC Melbourne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023353","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology in India: secondary data analysis of three population-based cross-sectional studies","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Callaghan-Gordo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib29","series-title":"Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality","author":"Organization","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/465897","article-title":"Induction of oxidative stress in kidney","author":"Ozbek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.09.026","article-title":"An update on oxidative stress-mediated organ pathophysiology","volume":"62","author":"Rashid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib32","first-page":"34","article-title":"Histopathology of fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity in rabbits","volume":"34","author":"Shashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fluoride"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.3.575","article-title":"Renal clearance of fluoride in children and adolescents","volume":"75","author":"Spak","year":"1985","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330210079027","article-title":"Fluoride metabolism in patients with chronic renal failure","volume":"140","author":"Spencer","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib12","first-page":"2013","article-title":"Sri Lanka Standards for potable water \u2013","volume":"614","author":"Sri Lanka Standards Institution","year":"2013","journal-title":"SLS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00248-4","article-title":"Serum and urine fluoride concentration: relationships to age, sex and renal function in a non-fluoridated population","volume":"220","author":"Torra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib36","series-title":"Fluoride Intake in Chronic Kidney Disease","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-015-9699-7","article-title":"Drinking water quality and chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu): synergic effects of fluoride, cadmium and hardness of water","volume":"38","author":"Wasana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374940080011001","article-title":"Intake and metabolism of fluoride","volume":"8","author":"Whitford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib39","series-title":"Environmental Health Criteria 36. Fluorine and Fluorides","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.05.008","article-title":"Dose\u2013effect relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in children","volume":"103","author":"Xiong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib41","series-title":"Fluoride in Drinking Water: Effect on Liver and Kidney Function","author":"Yang","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2008.03.002","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on DNA damage, S-phase cell-cycle arrest and the expression of NF-\u03baB in primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"179","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653520313795?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653520313795?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T11:24:50Z","timestamp":1758626690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653520313795"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0045653520313795"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Influence of fluoride on chronic kidney disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127186","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127186"}}