{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T18:52:00Z","timestamp":1788029520207,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T08:40:32Z","timestamp":1600418432000},"page":"128368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"P1","title":["Levels of DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides in healthy wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from a flagship conservation area"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"264","author":[{"given":"Ruan","family":"Gerber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hindrik","family":"Bouwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny","family":"Govender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Ishizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Ikenaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yared B.","family":"Yohannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico J.","family":"Smit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Wepener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib1","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for DDT\/DDD\/DDE (Update)","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2012.666336","article-title":"Pesticides in South African freshwaters","volume":"37","author":"Ansara-Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.1132","article-title":"The demise of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) as a keystone species for aquatic ecosystem conservation in South Africa: the case of the Olifants RiverAquatic Conservation","volume":"20","author":"Ashton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib4","series-title":"An Overview of Surface Water Quality in the Olifants River Catchment. WRC Report No KV293\/11","author":"Ashton","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw419","article-title":"Heatmapper: web-enabled heat mapping for all","volume":"44","author":"Babicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib6","first-page":"297","article-title":"POPs in southern Africa","volume":"3","author":"Bouwman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Handb. Environ. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.06.003","article-title":"Halogenated pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic birds: converging patterns of pollutant profiles, and impacts and risks of high levels","volume":"126","author":"Bouwman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.12.005","article-title":"Chlorinated, brominated and flourinated organic pollutants in Nile crocodile eggs from the Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"104","author":"Bouwman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.03.043","article-title":"Evidence of impacts from DDT in pelican, cormorant, stork and egret eggs from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"225","author":"Bouwman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.12.084","article-title":"Accumulation of organochlorine pesticides in fat tissue of wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from Isimangiliso Wetland Park","volume":"195","author":"Buah-Kwofie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1655\/HERPETOLOGICA-D-13-00088","article-title":"Habitat use by Nile crocodiles in Ndumu Game Reserve, South Africa. A naturally patchy environment","volume":"70","author":"Calverley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.03.072","article-title":"Perfluorinated alkyl acids in the plasma of South African crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)","volume":"154","author":"Christie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1111\/fwb.12360","article-title":"Piscivory does not cause pansteatitis (yellow fat disease) in Oreochromis mossambicus from an African subtropical reservoir","volume":"59","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib14","series-title":"Dioxins and Related Compounds","article-title":"Exposure, bioaccumulation, metabolism and monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in terrestrial wildlife","volume":"vol. 49","author":"de Solla","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib15","first-page":"671","article-title":"Has monitoring failed the Olifants river, mpumalanga","volume":"35","author":"de Villiers","year":"2009","journal-title":"WaterSA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/aje.12308","article-title":"Heavy metals in muscle tissue of healthy crocodiles from the Kruger National park","volume":"54","author":"du Preez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.11.032","article-title":"Metallic elements in nile crocodile eggs from the kruger national park, South Africa","volume":"148","author":"du Preez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.1175","article-title":"Degradation of the crocodile population in the Olifants river gorge of kruger national park, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2989\/AJAS.2009.34.3.5.981","article-title":"Age estimation, growth rate and size at sexual maturity of tigerfish Hydrocynus vitattus from the Okavango Delta, Botswana","volume":"34","author":"Gerber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2989\/16085914.2015.1073139","article-title":"Application of multivariate statistics and toxicity indices to evaluate the water quality suitability for fish of three rivers in the Kruger National Park","volume":"40","author":"Gerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Afr. J. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19971","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5206-z","article-title":"Application of a sediment quality index for the assessment and monitoring of metals and organochlorines in a premier conservation area","volume":"22","author":"Gerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib22","series-title":"Metal Concentrations in Hydrocynus Vittatus (Castelnau 1861) Populations from a Premier Conservation Area: Relationships with Environmental Concentrations","author":"Gerber","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.129","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of DDT and other organochlorine pesticides in an apex aquatic predator from a premier conservation are","volume":"550","author":"Gerber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.08.048","article-title":"Insights into the drivers of histopathological changes and potential as bio-indicator of riverine health of an apex predator from a premier conservation area: a multiple lines of evidence and multivariate statistics approach","volume":"72","author":"Gerber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indicat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2018.03.091","article-title":"Biomarkers in tigerfish (Hydrocynus vitattus) as indicators of metal and organic pollution in ecologically sensitive subtropical rivers","volume":"157","author":"Gerber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102680","article-title":"Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida","volume":"102","author":"Guilette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0005","article-title":"Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment","volume":"23","author":"Guilette","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0010(200002)80:3<390::AID-JSFA540>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Carcass and meat characteristics of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)","volume":"80","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Steatitis in wild sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (burchell), in the kruger national park, South Africa","volume":"83","author":"Huchzermeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01263.x","article-title":"Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house-spraying","volume":"9","author":"Mabaso","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109187","article-title":"Interspecies comparison of the residue levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in terrestrial top predators","volume":"183","author":"Malarvannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib32","series-title":"Ecotoxicology Af Wild Mammals","first-page":"315","article-title":"Carnivora","author":"Mason","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.09.025","article-title":"Comparison of the lipid properties of captive, healthy wild, and pansteatitis-affected wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)","volume":"155","author":"Osthoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.075","article-title":"Fish consumption from urban impoundments: what are the health risks associated with DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides in fish to township residents of a major inland city","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Pheiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.11.010","article-title":"Metals and organochlorine pesticides in caudal scutes of crocodiles from Belize and Costa Rica","volume":"373","author":"Rainwater","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.2.415","article-title":"Ocular disease in American crocodiles (Crocodylus acutus) in Costa Rica","volume":"47","author":"Rainwater","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1675\/1524-4695(2007)030[0063:PHOECT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Potential hazards of environmental contaminants to avifauna in the Chesapeake Bay estuary","volume":"30","author":"Rattner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1897\/03-584.1","article-title":"Predicting maternal body burdens of organochlorine pesticides from eggs and evidence of maternal transfer in Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"23","author":"Rauschenburger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2019.e00195","article-title":"Pollution impacts on the aquatic ecosystems of the kruger national park, South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Riddell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific African"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01183992","article-title":"National contaminant biomonitoring program: residues of organochlorine chemicals in U.S. Freshwater fish, 1976-1984","volume":"19","author":"Schmitt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.04.013","article-title":"Organochlorine compound residues in the eggs of broad-snouted caimans (Caiman latirostris) and correlation with measures of reproductive performance","volume":"84","author":"Stoker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.03.002","article-title":"DDT contamination from indoor residual spraying for malaria control","volume":"408","author":"van Dyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib44","series-title":"Management Objectives of the National Parks Board Regarding Water Quality Requirements of Rivers in the Kruger National Park","author":"Venter","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.10.211","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of total mercury in the subtropical Olifants River Basin, South Africa","volume":"216","author":"Verhaert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.057","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants in the Olifants River Basin, South Africa: bioaccumulation and trophic transfer through a subtropical aquatic food web","volume":"586","author":"Verhaert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.06.144","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants and their trophic transfer through the food web: human health risks to the rural communities reliant in fish from South Africa\u2019s largest floodplain","volume":"685","author":"Volschenk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v35i2.400","article-title":"The development of an aquatic toxicity index for the operational management of the Olifants River (Kruger National Park)","volume":"35","author":"Wepener","year":"1992","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-011-0439-0","article-title":"Seasonal bioaccumulation of organohalogens in tigerfish, Hydrocynus vittatus castelnau, from Lake pongolapoort, South Africa","volume":"88","author":"Wepener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/ES12-00170.1","article-title":"Ecosystem change and the Olifants River crocodile mass mortality events","volume":"3","author":"Woodborne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.03.015","article-title":"Persistent halogenated compounds in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis) from China","volume":"110","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669e1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.07.054","article-title":"Photodegradation fates of cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, and heptachlor in ethanol","volume":"70","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.01.047","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals in fish from Lake Awassa, Ethiopia: insights from stable isotope analysis","volume":"91","author":"Yohannes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1039\/b518059g","article-title":"Very high concentrations of DDE and toxaphene residues in crocodiles from the Ord River, Western Auastralia: an investigation into possible endocrine disruption","volume":"8","author":"Yoshikane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Enviornmental Monitoring"}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653520325637?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653520325637?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T11:23:16Z","timestamp":1758626596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653520325637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0045653520325637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Levels of DDTs and other organochlorine pesticides in healthy wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from a flagship conservation area","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128368","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"128368"}}