{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1792850759099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9164320017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9164320017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0206203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0206203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872585"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872585"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9164320017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9164320017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC0206203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0206203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T09:27:48Z","timestamp":1629451668000},"page":"131963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"P3","title":["Early life exposure to air pollution and cell-mediated immune responses in preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"286","author":[{"given":"Yan-Ling","family":"Deng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Qiang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qiong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan-Pan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Peng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3708-1225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Zhi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong-Zhang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6182-9806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun-Qing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3893-1","article-title":"Influence of air pollution on airway inflammation and disease activity in childhood-systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"37","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32832925cc","article-title":"Epigenetics and environmental chemicals","volume":"21","author":"Baccarelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-87","article-title":"Maternal exposure to air pollution before and during pregnancy related to changes in newborn's cord blood lymphocyte subpopulations. The EDEN study cohort","volume":"11","author":"Ba\u00efz","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.05.003","article-title":"Sex hormones modulate circulating antioxidant enzymes: impact of estrogen therapy","volume":"1","author":"Bellanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Redox Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12034","article-title":"Th1- and Th2-like subsets of innate lymphoid cells","volume":"252","author":"Bernink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12561","article-title":"The influence of childhood traffic-related air pollution exposure on asthma, allergy and sensitization: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of birth cohort studies","volume":"70","author":"Bowatte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00183","volume":"7","author":"Calderon-Garciduenas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-64-2013-2219","article-title":"Exposure to urban air pollution and bone health in clinically healthy six-year-old children","volume":"64","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arh. Hig. Rada. Toksikol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.03.029","article-title":"Maternal exposure to particulate matter alters early post-natal lung function and immune cell development","volume":"164","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1447","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and the expression of microRNAs and circulating cytokines relevant to inflammation, coagulation, and vasoconstriction","volume":"126","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.023","article-title":"Effects of prenatal community violence and ambient air pollution on childhood wheeze in an urban population","volume":"133","author":"Chiu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307413","article-title":"Proximity to traffic, ambient air pollution, and community noise in relation to incident rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"122","author":"De Roos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib13","first-page":"483","article-title":"Workshop to identify critical windows of exposure for children's health: immune and respiratory systems work group summary","volume":"108","author":"Dietert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022470","article-title":"Gender differences and effect of air pollution on asthma in children with and without allergic predisposition: northeast Chinese children health study","volume":"6","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.05.017","article-title":"Cytokines and other immunological biomarkers in children's environmental health studies","volume":"172","author":"Duramad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109291","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and incidence of early-onset paediatric type 1 diabetes: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"184","author":"Elten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.27.1.4787","article-title":"Interaction of alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells following exposure to particulate matter produces mediators that stimulate the bone marrow","volume":"27","author":"Fujii","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.02.053","article-title":"Impacts of air pollution, temperature, and relative humidity on leukocyte distribution: an epigenetic perspective","volume":"126","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000073638","article-title":"Age-related changes in intracellular Th1\/Th2 cytokine production, immunoproliferative T lymphocyte response and natural killer cell activity in newborns, children and adults","volume":"84","author":"Gasparoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.01182001","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2\u2005yrs of life","volume":"19","author":"Gehring","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67007","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP460","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and serum inflammatory cytokines in children","volume":"125","author":"Gruzieva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-46","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during critical time periods in gestation and alterations in cord blood lymphocyte distribution: a cohort of livebirths","volume":"9","author":"Herr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7610","article-title":"Air pollution and lymphocyte phenotype proportions in cord blood","volume":"113","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200203000-00012","article-title":"Air pollution and distributions of lymphocyte immunophenotypes in cord and maternal blood at delivery","volume":"13","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2007.00190.x","article-title":"Prenatal exposures to persistent and non-persistent organic compounds and effects on immune system development","volume":"102","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib27","first-page":"463","article-title":"Development of the murine and human immune system: differential effects of immunotoxicants depend on time of exposure","volume":"108","author":"Holladay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.02.004","article-title":"Maternal exposure to airborne particulate matter causes postnatal immunological dysfunction in mice offspring","volume":"306","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.144.6.1641","article-title":"The specificity of cellular immune responses in Guinea pigs. III. The precision of antigen recognition by T lymphocytes","volume":"144","author":"Janeway","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib30","first-page":"4216","article-title":"Which of these things is not like the others?","volume":"119","author":"Kaufman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer-Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.012","article-title":"Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Khreis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1021\/es302673e","article-title":"Incorporating local land use regression and satellite aerosol optical depth in a hybrid model of spatiotemporal PM2.5 exposures in the mid-atlantic states","volume":"46","author":"Kloog","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.02.034","article-title":"Air pollution and cytokine responsiveness in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children","volume":"138","author":"Kl\u00fcmper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370050164833","article-title":"Immune biomarkers in relation to exposure to particulate matter: a cross-sectional survey in 17 cities of central Europe","volume":"12","author":"Leonardi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.153","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and immunological and systemic inflammatory alterations among schoolchildren in China","volume":"657","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.009","article-title":"Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter during pregnancy and gestational weight gain","volume":"119","author":"Liao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities","volume":"381","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.047","article-title":"A mouse model links asthma susceptibility to prenatal exposure to diesel exhaust","volume":"134","author":"Manners","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2015-0084OC","article-title":"Urban particulate matter-activated human dendritic cells induce the expansion of potent inflammatory Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector Cells","volume":"54","author":"Matthews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205413","article-title":"Intrauterine and early postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and lung function at preschool age","volume":"70","author":"Morales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.04.003","article-title":"Inflammatory markers in relation to long-term air pollution","volume":"81","author":"Mostafavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.045","article-title":"Stereotypic immune system development in newborn children","volume":"174","author":"Olin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.013","article-title":"Exposure to particulate matter air pollution and risk of multiple sclerosis in two large cohorts of US nurses","volume":"109","author":"Palacios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.043471","article-title":"Associations of long- and short-term air pollution exposure with markers of inflammation and coagulation in a population sample","volume":"66","author":"Panasevich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309279","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with endothelial injury and systemic inflammation","volume":"119","author":"Pope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0199OC","article-title":"Diesel-enriched particulate matter functionally activates human dendritic cells","volume":"37","author":"Porter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9709083","article-title":"Acute inflammatory responses in the airways and peripheral blood after short-term exposure to diesel exhaust in healthy human volunteers","volume":"159","author":"Salvi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002453","article-title":"Statistical methods to study timing of vulnerability with sparsely sampled data on environmental toxicants","volume":"119","author":"Sanchez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000161584","article-title":"Molecular events in human T cells treated with diesel exhaust particles or formaldehyde that underlie their diminished interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 production","volume":"148","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901461","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is lymphocyte dependent","volume":"118","author":"Saunders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1159\/000014253","article-title":"Maturational changes of lymphocyte surface antigens in human blood: comparison between fetuses, neonates and adults","volume":"78","author":"Schultz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","article-title":"Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs","volume":"8","author":"Shrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05194-y","article-title":"Effects of short- and long-term exposures to particulate matter on inflammatory marker levels in the general population","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1999.1471","article-title":"Nitric oxide inhibits the proliferation of T-Helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes without reduction in cytokine secretion","volume":"193","author":"van der Veen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528110908050328","article-title":"The causal relationship between passive smoking and inflammation on the development of cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence","volume":"8","author":"Vardavas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy - Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-10-29","article-title":"Maternal exposure to combustion generated PM inhibits pulmonary Th1 maturation and concomitantly enhances postnatal asthma development in offspring","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1191\/0960327102ht288oa","article-title":"Defining critical windows in the development of the human immune system","volume":"21","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11580","article-title":"Proximity to traffic, inflammation, and immune function among women in the Seattle, Washington, area","volume":"117","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2014.6.6.478","article-title":"The effects of environmental toxins on allergic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b110708","article-title":"Effects of fetal exposure to urban particulate matter on the immune system of male mouse offspring","volume":"35","author":"Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105282","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal cadmium exposure and cellular immune responses among pre-school children","volume":"134","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907956116","article-title":"Drivers of improved PM2.5 air quality in China from 2013 to 2017","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653521024358?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653521024358?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T19:50:04Z","timestamp":1734637804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653521024358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0045653521024358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early life exposure to air pollution and cell-mediated immune responses in preschoolers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131963","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"131963"}}