{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:35:03Z","timestamp":1790285703547,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007286","name":"Copperbelt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemosphere"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T08:55:46Z","timestamp":1667811346000},"page":"137091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment \u2013 A review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"311","author":[{"given":"R. Yedhu","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Manikandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Subbaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Biruntha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Balachandar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Karmegam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112061","article-title":"The environmental release and ecosystem risks of illicit drugs during Glastonbury Festival","volume":"204","author":"Aberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1139\/a06-005","article-title":"A review of bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) assessments for organic chemicals in aquatic organisms","volume":"14","author":"Arnot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib3","series-title":"Drug Policy and the Public Good","author":"Babor","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.03.043","article-title":"Spatial and temporal occurrence of pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in the aqueous environment and during wastewater treatment: new developments","volume":"454\u2013455","author":"Baker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.11.014","article-title":"A review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies","volume":"137","author":"Balakrishna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.09.010","article-title":"Cocaine and cannabinoids in the atmosphere of Northern Europe cities, comparison with Southern Europe and wastewater analysis","volume":"97","author":"Balducci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.12.007","article-title":"Developmental neurotoxicity of MDMA. A systematic literature review summarized in a putative adverse outcome pathway","volume":"78","author":"Barenys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.02.001","article-title":"Cannabinoids in medicine: a review of their therapeutic potential","volume":"105","author":"Ben Amar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114364","article-title":"Enantiospecific behaviour of chiral drugs in soil","volume":"262","author":"Bertin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2014.01.012","article-title":"Ionic liquid-based solid phase microextraction necklaces for the environmental monitoring of ketamine","volume":"1331","author":"Bianchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.078","article-title":"Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis","volume":"565","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.05.110","article-title":"Investigation of drugs of abuse and relevant metabolites in Dutch sewage water by liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"89","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2013.06.013","article-title":"First evidence of protein profile alteration due to the main cocaine metabolite (benzoylecgonine) in a freshwater biological model","volume":"140\u2013141","author":"Binelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.02.051","article-title":"Behavior of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) using combined conventional and ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF\/RO) treatments","volume":"159","author":"Boleda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.11.056","article-title":"Monitoring of opiates, cannabinoids and their metabolites in wastewater, surface water and finished water in Catalonia, Spain","volume":"43","author":"Boleda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2018.05.008","article-title":"Environmentally relevant concentrations of tramadol and citalopram alter behaviour of an aquatic invertebrate","volume":"200","author":"Bu\u0159i\u010d","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.089","article-title":"Occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in drinking and source water in the S\u00e3o Paulo State region","volume":"576","author":"Campestrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brazil. Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2018.e00059","article-title":"Opioid occurrence in environmental water samples\u2014a review","volume":"20","author":"Campos-Ma\u00f1as","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Environ. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.047","article-title":"Mass balance of emerging contaminants in the water cycle of a highly urbanized and industrialized area of Italy","volume":"131","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.01.029","article-title":"Data on occurrence and fate of emerging contaminants in a urbanised area","volume":"17","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20168","article-title":"Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water","volume":"27","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.08.051","article-title":"Illicit psychotropic substances in the air: the state-of-art","volume":"539","author":"Cecinato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-2839-2","article-title":"Behaviours of psychotropic substances in indoor and outdoor environments of Rome, Italy","volume":"21","author":"Cecinato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.06.008","article-title":"Psychotropic substances in indoor environments","volume":"71","author":"Cecinato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9313-x","article-title":"Fate of selected drugs in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for domestic sewage","volume":"26","author":"Chiavola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.206383","article-title":"Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside","volume":"347","author":"Connors","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.158","article-title":"Occurrence of illicit drugs in two wastewater treatment plants in the South of Italy","volume":"198","author":"Cosenza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2021.113894","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of MDMA: main effects and mechanisms","volume":"347","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2021.123048","article-title":"Emerging trends in point-of-care sensors for illicit drugs analysis","volume":"238","author":"Dagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.012","article-title":"Assessment of illicit drugs in wastewater and estimation of drugs of abuse in Adana Province, Turkey","volume":"294","author":"Daglioglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815960-6.00004-2","article-title":"Designer drugs, date rape drugs, LSD, volatiles, magic mushroom, and peyote cactus abuse","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Immunol. Lab. Qual. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118878","article-title":"Occurrence, hazard, and risk of psychopharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in European surface waters","volume":"222","author":"Davey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.12.004","article-title":"Illicit drugs in drinking water","volume":"7","author":"Davoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2018.12.004","article-title":"Illicit drugs in drinking water","volume":"7","author":"Davoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0","article-title":"Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease","volume":"379","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib36","series-title":"Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors","first-page":"1109","article-title":"Illicit drug use","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00304-x","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of illicit drugs in different wastewater treatment plants with different treatment techniques","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Eur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2020.02.004","article-title":"Occurrence, seasonal variation and human exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water, groundwater and drinking water in Lagos State, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Ebele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.043","article-title":"Enantiomer profiling of high loads of amphetamine and MDMA in communal sewage: a Dutch perspective","volume":"487","author":"Emke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.091","article-title":"A passive sampling method for detecting analgesics, psycholeptics, antidepressants and illicit drugs in aquatic environments in the Czech Republic","volume":"487","author":"Fedorova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.041","article-title":"Psychoactive pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in coastal waters of North-Western Spain: environmental exposure and risk assessment","volume":"224","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110545","article-title":"Seasonal monitoring of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in a subtropical coastal zone (Santos Bay, Brazil)","volume":"149","author":"Fontes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30998","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08375-2","article-title":"Review on the occurrence and biological effects of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"27","author":"Fontes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib44","first-page":"207","article-title":"Neurochemical effects of benzodiazepine and morphine on freshwater mussels","volume":"152","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part C: Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.060","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceutical, recreational and psychotropic drug residues in surface water on the northern Antarctic Peninsula region","volume":"229","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805426-0.00020-2","article-title":"Neurotoxic agents","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fundam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.06.038","article-title":"Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among native Americans","volume":"58","author":"Halpern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib48","first-page":"315","article-title":"Illicit drugs","author":"Houck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fundam. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2017.04.028","article-title":"Validation of an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify illicit drug and pharmaceutical residues in wastewater using accuracy profile approach","volume":"1500","author":"Hubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152724","article-title":"Prevalence of illicit drug consumption in a population of Hanoi: an estimation using wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"815","author":"Hue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6809","DOI":"10.1021\/es800768h","article-title":"Stimulatory drugs of abuse in surface waters and their removal in a conventional drinking water treatment plant","volume":"42","author":"Huerta-Fontela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/16.5.276","article-title":"Blood cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH during and after smoking marijuana","volume":"16","author":"Huestis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117789","article-title":"Wastewater-based epidemiology for illicit drugs: a critical review on global data","volume":"207","author":"Huizer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.05.069","article-title":"Effects of chronic cocaine, morphine and methamphetamine on the mobility, immobility and stereotyped behaviors in crayfish","volume":"332","author":"Imeh-Nathaniel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2018.1497145","article-title":"Looking beyond harm: meaning and purpose of substance use in the lives of marginalized people who use drugs","volume":"27","author":"Ivsins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00110-5","article-title":"Microbial degradation of illicit drugs, their precursors, and manufacturing by-products: implications for clandestine drug laboratory investigation and environmental assessment","volume":"134","author":"Janusz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(90)90288-7","article-title":"Designer drugs\u2014a current perspective","volume":"8","author":"Jerrard","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0942-z","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biosolids\/sewage sludge: the interface between analytical chemistry and regulation","volume":"387","author":"Jones-Lepp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200500465","article-title":"Semiquantitative determination of residues of amphetamine in sewage sludge samples","volume":"29","author":"Kaleta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Separ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.10.047","article-title":"The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters","volume":"43","author":"Kasprzyk-Hordern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157168","article-title":"Removal of nanoplastics in water treatment processes: a review","volume":"845","author":"Keerthana Devi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105275","article-title":"MDMA related neuro-inflammation and adenosine receptors","volume":"153","author":"Kermanian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112609","article-title":"Emerging contaminants of high concern for the environment: current trends and future research","volume":"207","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122622","article-title":"Evaluation of pharmaceutical abuse and illicit drug use in South Korea by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"396","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cocaine accumulation in zebrafish eyes leads to augmented amplitudes in the electroretinogram","volume":"201703000003","author":"Kirla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb01685.x","article-title":"Seizures induced by the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine in rats","volume":"33","author":"Konkol","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib67","article-title":"Removal of emerging micropollutants originating from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: a review","volume":"23","author":"Krishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innovat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90903-7.00017-X","article-title":"Business of opium","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handb. Opium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.02.036","article-title":"Occurrence of illicit drugs in surface waters in China","volume":"213","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.01.005","article-title":"Prevalence and sunlight photolysis of controlled and chemotherapeutic drugs in aqueous environments","volume":"187","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.02.109","article-title":"Occurrence, removal and risk assessment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced drinking water treatment plant (ADWTP) around Taihu Lake in China","volume":"152","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149795","article-title":"Illicit drug use in Reykjavik by wastewater-based epidemiology","volume":"803","author":"L\u00f6ve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.05.019","article-title":"Behaviour and cardiac response to stress in signal crayfish exposed to environmental concentrations of tramadol","volume":"213","author":"Lo\u017eek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02693-7","article-title":"Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects","volume":"94","author":"Luethi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2019.04.002","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals, drugs, and resistant microorganisms \u2014 environmental impact on population health","volume":"9","author":"Macku\u013eak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib76","first-page":"169","article-title":"Occurrence and environmental fate of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs (PPCPIDs) in tropical ecosystems","author":"Maranho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Mar. Coast. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.112944","article-title":"The occurrence and exposure risk assessment of psychoactive drug residues and metabolites in aquatic environment","volume":"178","author":"Masemola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.05.025","article-title":"Occurrence of drugs of abuse in surface water from four Spanish river basins: spatial and temporal variations and environmental risk assessment","volume":"316","author":"Mastroianni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.07.126","article-title":"Five-year monitoring of 19 illicit and legal substances of abuse at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant in Barcelona (NE Spain) and estimation of drug consumption patterns and trends","volume":"609","author":"Mastroianni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib80","series-title":"Metabolism and Excretion of Illicit Drugs in Humans. Illicit Drugs Environ","author":"Melis","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.05.009","article-title":"Drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines in the Madrid Region (Central Spain): seasonal variation in river waters, occurrence in tap water and potential environmental and human risk","volume":"70","author":"Mendoza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031401","article-title":"Metabolites of cannabis induce cardiac toxicity and morphological alterations in cardiac myocytes","volume":"23","author":"Merve","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.038","article-title":"Biomonitoring of pesticides, pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in a freshwater invertebrate to estimate toxic or effect pressure","volume":"129","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132580","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aquatic environments and their removal by algae-based systems","volume":"288","author":"Mojiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132822","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals as emerging pollutants: case naproxen an overview","volume":"291","author":"Moreno R\u00edos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113485","article-title":"Immunochemical monitoring of psilocybin and psilocin to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms","volume":"190","author":"Morita","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107281","article-title":"Drugs of abuse in tap water from eight European countries: determination by use of supramolecular solvents and tentative evaluation of risks to human health","volume":"164","author":"Mu\u00f1iz-Bustamante","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.003","article-title":"The effects of amphetamines alone and in combination with alcohol on functional neurocognition: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"Narayan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.05.086","article-title":"Illicit drugs and the environment - a review","volume":"463\u2013464","author":"Pal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.05.022","article-title":"Genotoxic effects induced by the exposure to an environmental mixture of illicit drugs to the zebra mussel","volume":"132","author":"Parolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.12.092","article-title":"Realistic mixture of illicit drugs impaired the oxidative status of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)","volume":"128","author":"Parolini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116995","article-title":"Application of adsorption process for effective removal of emerging contaminants from water and wastewater","volume":"280","author":"Rathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124413","article-title":"A review on effective removal of emerging contaminants from aquatic systems: current trends and scope for further research","volume":"409","author":"Rathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3085","article-title":"Linking drugs of abuse in wastewater to contamination of surface and drinking water","volume":"35","author":"Rodayan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.033","article-title":"Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters","volume":"84","author":"Rosa Boleda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.2.834","article-title":"Effects of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and cocaine metabolites in cannulated pressurized fetal sheep cerebral arteries","volume":"77","author":"Schreiber","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2007.11.047","article-title":"Behavioral effects of amphetamine in streptozotocin-treated rats","volume":"581","author":"Sevak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.060","article-title":"Contamination profiles, mass loadings, and sewage epidemiology of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs in wastewater and river waters from a community in the Midwestern United States","volume":"631\u2013632","author":"Skees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.026","article-title":"Mass loading and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products including psychoactives, antihypertensives, and antibiotics in two sewage treatment plants in southern India","volume":"167","author":"Subedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.09.031","article-title":"Mass loading and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, including psychoactive and illicit drugs and artificial sweeteners, in five sewage treatment plants in India","volume":"3","author":"Subedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.06.069","article-title":"Comparing illicit drug use in 19 European cities through sewage analysis","volume":"432","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.12.006","article-title":"Drugs of abuse in surface and tap waters of the Tagus River basin: heterogeneous photo-Fenton process is effective in their degradation","volume":"41","author":"Valc\u00e1rcel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.12.020","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in waste-and surface water from Belgium and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"43","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2011.01.032","article-title":"Cocaine and other illicit drugs in airborne particulates in urban environments: a reflection of social conduct and population size","volume":"159","author":"Viana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121577","article-title":"Impact of ketamine on the behavior and immune system of adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) at environmentally relevant concentrations and eco-risk assessment in surface water","volume":"393","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6824-9","article-title":"Illicit drugs and their metabolites in 36 rivers that drain into the Bohai Sea and north Yellow Sea, north China","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116424","article-title":"Simultaneous enantioselective analysis of illicit drugs in wastewater and surface water by chiral LC\u2013MS\/MS: a pilot study on a wastewater treatment plant and its receiving river","volume":"273","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.07.039","article-title":"Biodegradation of methamphetamine and ketamine in aquatic ecosystem and associated shift in bacterial community","volume":"359","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134874","article-title":"Occurrence, distribution and risk of pharmaceutical and personal care products in the Haihe River sediments, China","volume":"302","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.07.068","article-title":"Occurrence of illicit drugs in water and wastewater and their removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"124","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.068","article-title":"Removal of emerging drugs of addiction by wastewater treatment and water recycling processes and impacts on effluent-associated environmental risk","volume":"680","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148153","article-title":"Tissue-specific accumulation, elimination, and toxicokinetics of illicit drugs in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"792","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00669","article-title":"Biomimetic accumulation of methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine by diffusive gradients in thin films to estimate their bioavailability in zebrafish","volume":"6","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125999","article-title":"Assessing patterns of illicit drug use in a Chinese city by analyzing daily wastewater samples over a one-year period","volume":"417","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1039\/C9OB02762A","article-title":"Catalytic activities of cocaine hydrolases against the most toxic cocaine metabolite norcocaethylene","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Org. Biomol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.09.010","article-title":"Illicit drugs, a novel group of environmental contaminants","volume":"42","author":"Zuccato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-14","article-title":"Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse","volume":"4","author":"Zuccato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health"}],"container-title":["Chemosphere"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653522035846?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0045653522035846?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T02:47:40Z","timestamp":1762224460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0045653522035846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["S0045653522035846"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091","relation":{},"ISSN":["0045-6535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0045-6535","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment \u2013 A review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chemosphere","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137091","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"137091"}}