{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:38:52Z","timestamp":1791398332594,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]],"date-time":"2018-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533081600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T00:18:44Z","timestamp":1512519524000},"page":"394-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Anupam","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujith V.","family":"Cherian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunhee S.","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay H.","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.002","article-title":"Nicotine mediates oxidative stress and apoptosis through cross talk between NOX1 and Bcl-2 in lung epithelial cells","volume":"76","author":"Zanetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00105.2007","article-title":"Comprehensive gene expression profiling of rat lung reveals distinct acute and chronic responses to cigarette smoke inhalation","volume":"293","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30813","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.681619","article-title":"Telomerase deficiency causes alveolar stem cell senescence-associated low-grade inflammation in lungs","volume":"290","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biol Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201103-0520OC","article-title":"Telomere length is a determinant of emphysema susceptibility","volume":"184","author":"Alder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13051","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804280105","article-title":"Short telomeres are a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"105","author":"Alder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14532","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14532","article-title":"Cellular senescence mediates fibrotic pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0367OC","article-title":"Expression of profibrotic mediators in small airways versus parenchyma after cigarette smoke exposure","volume":"40","author":"Churg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0150383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150383","article-title":"Cigarette smoke enhances the expression of profibrotic molecules in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Checa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419603","article-title":"Imatinib mesylate inhibits the profibrogenic activity of TGF-beta and prevents bleomycin-mediated lung fibrosis","volume":"114","author":"Daniels","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.5.8912775","article-title":"Tissue localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 in pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma","volume":"154","author":"Asakura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.107.3.701","article-title":"Modulation of fibroblast activity in histiocytosis X by platelet-derived growth factor","volume":"107","author":"Uebelhoer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080689","article-title":"Essential role of osteopontin in smoking-related interstitial lung diseases","volume":"174","author":"Prasse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"117","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117ra9","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003041","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induction of osteopontin (SPP1) mediates T(H)17 inflammation in human and experimental emphysema","volume":"4","author":"Shan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.6.611","article-title":"Role of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the pathogenesis of adult pulmonary histiocytosis X","volume":"51","author":"Tazi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-45","article-title":"Cigarette smoke promotes dendritic cell accumulation in COPD; a Lung Tissue Research Consortium study","volume":"11","author":"Vassallo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.09.011","article-title":"Clinical implications of correlation between peripheral eosinophil count and serum levels of IL-5 and tryptase in acute eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"108","author":"Jhun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2332\/allergolint.12-OA-0439","article-title":"Clinical significance of interleukin 33 (IL-33) in patients with eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"62","author":"Mato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210903","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia as a reversible cause of noninfectious respiratory failure","volume":"321","author":"Allen","year":"1989","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.24.2997","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia among US military personnel deployed in or near Iraq","volume":"292","author":"Shorr","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.4.1199","article-title":"The overlap between respiratory bronchiolitis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: high-resolution CT, histologic, and functional correlations","volume":"124","author":"Vassallo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197410102911503","article-title":"Pathologic changes in the peripheral airways of young cigarette smokers","volume":"291","author":"Niewoehner","year":"1974","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1987.135.4.880","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis causing interstitial lung disease. A clinicopathologic study of six cases","volume":"135","author":"Myers","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.127.1.178","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"127","author":"Ryu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.11.1009","article-title":"Clinical significance of respiratory bronchiolitis on open lung biopsy and its relationship to smoking related interstitial lung disease","volume":"54","author":"Moon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-200201000-00003","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease: radiologic features with clinical and pathologic correlation","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Comput Assist Tomogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12030702","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis in smokers with spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"12","author":"Cottin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200205000-00011","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis: a clinicopathologic study in current smokers, ex-smokers, and never-smokers","volume":"26","author":"Fraig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-17382","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"22","author":"Elkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.187.3.8497631","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 22 patients","volume":"187","author":"Hartman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"128","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00005812","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia: an analytic review with an emphasis on aetiology","volume":"22","author":"Godbert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)65379-8","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease and its relationship to desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"64","author":"Yousem","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2004.01921.x","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis and their relationship to smoking","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5858\/134.1.27","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis\/interstitial lung disease: fibrosis, pulmonary function, and evolving concepts","volume":"134","author":"Churg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-1885","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease: long-term outcome","volume":"131","author":"Portnoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(65)90206-8","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"39","author":"Liebow","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197804132981501","article-title":"Natural history and treated course of usual and desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"298","author":"Carrington","year":"1978","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1876","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis: is DIP associated with autoimmune disorders?","volume":"48","author":"Ishii","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181eed86d","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia as the initial manifestation of systemic sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Swartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.5.1196","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis and diffuse alveolar damage in textile workers. Potential role of mycotoxins","volume":"108","author":"Lougheed","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398609530856","article-title":"Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis with evidence of aflatoxin B1 in lung tissue","volume":"18","author":"Dvorackova","year":"1986","journal-title":"J\u00a0Toxicol Environ Health"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.80.1_Supplement.67S","article-title":"Inorganic particulates associated with desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"80","author":"Abraham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000097991","article-title":"Sirolimus-associated desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"74","author":"Flores-Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000136259.92633.E8","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia and hepatitis C virus infection: a rare association","volume":"97","author":"Iskandar","year":"2004","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02226.x","article-title":"Desquamative interstitial pneumonia may progress to lung fibrosis as characterized radiologically","volume":"17","author":"Kawabata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2007.02930.x","article-title":"Eosinophilia in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and architectural destruction are features of desquamative interstitial pneumonia","volume":"52","author":"Kawabata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2786","article-title":"Beneficial response to macrolide antibiotic in a patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonia refractory to corticosteroid therapy","volume":"134","author":"Knyazhitskiy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11040971","article-title":"Possible recurrence of desquamative interstitial pneumonitis in a single lung transplant recipient","volume":"11","author":"Verleden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012087","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of pulmonary Langerhans'-cell histiocytosis in adults","volume":"346","author":"Vassallo","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000129","article-title":"BRAF V600E expression in Langerhans cell histiocytosis: clinical and immunohistochemical study on 25 pulmonary and 54 extrapulmonary cases","volume":"38","author":"Roden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12955","article-title":"Mutually exclusive extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway mutations are present in different stages of multi-focal pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis supporting clonal nature of the disease","volume":"69","author":"Kamionek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.1028","article-title":"Pneumothorax in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"125","author":"Mendez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.243045005","article-title":"From the archives of the AFIP: pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"24","author":"Abbott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.1.9807024","article-title":"Severe pulmonary hypertension in histiocytosis X","volume":"161","author":"Fartoukh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.4065\/79.10.1269","article-title":"Echocardiographic and clinical characteristics of pulmonary hypertension complicating pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"79","author":"Chaowalit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2075-9","article-title":"Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: high-resolution CT-pathology comparisons and evolutional changes at CT","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.06.012","article-title":"Bronchoscopic diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis","volume":"106","author":"Harari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000021","article-title":"Utility of bronchoscopy in pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"20","author":"Baqir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib58","first-page":"235","article-title":"Complete disappearance of lung abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomography: a case of histiocytosis X","volume":"14","author":"Negrin-Dastis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2015.04.001","article-title":"Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a comprehensive analysis of 40 patients and literature review","volume":"26","author":"Elia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.108944","article-title":"Progressive diffuse pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis improved by cladribine chemotherapy","volume":"64","author":"Lazor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2013-204313","article-title":"Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH): a new UK register","volume":"69","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0191-8","article-title":"Effectiveness of cladribine therapy in patients with pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis","volume":"9","author":"Grobost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2490","article-title":"Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis-associated pulmonary hypertension: clinical characteristics and impact of pulmonary arterial hypertension therapies","volume":"142","author":"Le Pavec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000200304.64613.af","article-title":"Lung transplantation for pulmonary langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a multicenter analysis","volume":"81","author":"Dauriat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03183.x","article-title":"Smoking-related changes in the background lung of specimens resected for lung cancer: a semiquantitative study with correlation to postoperative course","volume":"53","author":"Kawabata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800671","article-title":"Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease with fibrosis is a lesion distinct from fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: a proposal","volume":"19","author":"Yousem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2009.09.003","article-title":"Clinically occult interstitial fibrosis in smokers: classification and significance of a surprisingly common finding in lobectomy specimens","volume":"41","author":"Katzenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2011.154","article-title":"Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF), pathogenesis and treatment of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), and transbronchial biopsy in UIP","volume":"25","author":"Katzenstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.1.249","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a hypersensitivity phenomenon?","volume":"139","author":"Badesch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1325164","article-title":"Update on eosinophilic lung diseases","volume":"33","author":"Bhatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-2669","article-title":"Alterations in smoking habits are associated with acute eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"133","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.03.001","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: correlation of clinical characteristics with underlying cause","volume":"152","author":"De Giacomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.07.001","article-title":"Pulmonary eosinophilia from inhaled colistin","volume":"151","author":"Lepine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63","DOI":"10.1086\/652656","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia secondary to daptomycin: a report of three cases","volume":"50","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2112056","article-title":"Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia: a study of 22 patients","volume":"166","author":"Philit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.04.012","article-title":"Acute eosinophilic pneumonia: thin-section CT findings in 29 patients","volume":"65","author":"Daimon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00221811","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and corticosteroid treatment of acute eosinophilic pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Rhee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12639","article-title":"Outcomes of rapid corticosteroid tapering in acute eosinophilic pneumonia patients with initial eosinophilia","volume":"20","author":"Jhun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1702079","article-title":"Mepolizumab or placebo for eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"376","author":"Wechsler","year":"2017","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(98)80312-7","article-title":"Imaging the 'dirty lung'\u2014has high resolution computed tomography cleared the smoke?","volume":"53","author":"Guckel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1013966","article-title":"Smoking and subclinical interstitial lung disease","volume":"364","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200812-1966OC","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with subclinical parenchymal lung disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)-Lung study","volume":"180","author":"Lederer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00201809","article-title":"Interstitial lung diseases in a lung cancer screening trial","volume":"38","author":"Sverzellati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13120816","article-title":"Interstitial lung abnormalities in a CT lung cancer screening population: prevalence and progression rate","volume":"268","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007285","article-title":"Lung volumes and emphysema in smokers with interstitial lung abnormalities","volume":"364","author":"Washko","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.15537","article-title":"Journal Club: evidence of interstitial lung disease on low-dose chest CT images: prevalence, patterns, and progression","volume":"206","author":"Salvatore","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0518","article-title":"Association between interstitial lung abnormalities and all-cause mortality","volume":"315","author":"Putman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S481","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.11","article-title":"Smoking cessation results in a clinical lung cancer screening program","volume":"8","author":"Borondy Kitts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808260","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/808260","article-title":"Smoking and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"2012","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.155.1.9001319","article-title":"Cigarette smoking: a risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"155","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1101277","article-title":"Exposures and idiopathic lung disease","volume":"29","author":"Taskar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200408-1104OC","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic features of familial interstitial pneumonia","volume":"172","author":"Steele","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200612-1759OC","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: outcome in relation to smoking status","volume":"177","author":"Antoniou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01339-2016","article-title":"Acute exacerbations in the INPULSIS trials of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"49","author":"Collard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2016.03.89","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients according to their smoking status","volume":"8","author":"Kishaba","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00021005","article-title":"Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a distinct underrecognised entity","volume":"26","author":"Cottin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1062","article-title":"Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome: a review","volume":"141","author":"Jankowich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867870","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/867870","article-title":"Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome: a new phenotype within the spectrum of smoking-related interstitial lung disease","volume":"2012","author":"Portillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00038709","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in patients with combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Cottin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2403","article-title":"Clinical features and outcomes in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"144","author":"Ryerson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0300-7","article-title":"Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema: a retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.9.835","article-title":"Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case-control study, using incident cases","volume":"62","author":"Stolt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01051-3","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study","volume":"112","author":"Criswell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.09.053","article-title":"Smoking intensity, duration, and cessation, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women","volume":"119","author":"Costenbader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21575","article-title":"A\u00a0new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination","volume":"54","author":"Klareskog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461439","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/461439","article-title":"Smoking and pulmonary fibrosis: novel insights","volume":"2011","author":"Samara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30071","article-title":"Cigarette smoking in patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Hudson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30077","article-title":"Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome in connective tissue disease","volume":"63","author":"Cottin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0170249","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170249","article-title":"Effect of tobacco smoking on the clinical, histopathological, and serological manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Stone","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369217331975?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369217331975?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:06:26Z","timestamp":1757923586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369217331975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369217331975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2017.11.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}