{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:22:14Z","timestamp":1788477734578,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]],"date-time":"2018-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T12:45:27Z","timestamp":1515415527000},"page":"1396-1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Platelet-Activating Antibodies Are Detectable at the Earliest Onset of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, With Implications for the Operating Characteristics of the Serotonin-Release Assay"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"153","author":[{"given":"Theodore E.","family":"Warkentin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John G.","family":"Kelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo-Ann I.","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishac","family":"Nazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen","volume":"71","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.11.3232.3232","article-title":"Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4","volume":"83","author":"Kelton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V67.1.27.27","article-title":"A\u00a0diagnostic test for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"67","author":"Sheridan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02617.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activating capacity and clinical significance of anti-PF4\/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA classes","volume":"5","author":"Greinacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21032","article-title":"What is the potential for overdiagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia?","volume":"82","author":"Lo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-10-186064","article-title":"Studies of the immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"113","author":"Warkentin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505183322003","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin","volume":"332","author":"Warkentin","year":"1995","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2518","article-title":"An improved definition of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in postoperative orthopedic patients","volume":"163","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib9","first-page":"91b","article-title":"'Incidental' unfractionated heparin (UFH) vs normal saline (NS) flushes for intraoperative invasive catheters and the frequency of formation of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia of IgG antibodies (HIT-IgG): a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"92","author":"Warkentin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1047564","article-title":"The approach to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"29","author":"Linkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02360.x","article-title":"Clinical sample investigation (CSI) hematology: pinpointing the precise onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)","volume":"5","author":"Warkentin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-533083","article-title":"Serological investigation of patients with a previous history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who are reexposed to heparin","volume":"123","author":"Warkentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01787.x","article-title":"Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T's) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings","volume":"4","author":"Lo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1876.x","article-title":"The epitope specificity of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"95","author":"Horsewood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13066","article-title":"Distinguishing between anti-platelet factor 4\/heparin antibodies that can and cannot cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"13","author":"Nazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1648929","article-title":"Crossreactivity studies between sera of patients with heparin associated thrombocytopenia and a new low molecular weight heparin, reviparin","volume":"72","author":"Greinacher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-05-353391","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: in\u00a0vitro studies on the interaction of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and low-sulfated heparin, with platelet factor 4 and anti-PF4\/heparin antibodies","volume":"119","author":"Krauel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04334.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management","volume":"121","author":"Warkentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1999.01717.x","article-title":"Further characterization of antibody and antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"107","author":"Newman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000204794","article-title":"Analysis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura patients with antiglycoprotein IIb\/IIIa or Ib autoantibodies","volume":"86","author":"Nomura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1855-5","article-title":"Antiplatelet antibodies detected by the MAIPA assay in newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia are associated with chronic outcome and higher risk of bleeding","volume":"93","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3352","article-title":"Platelet-associated autoantibodies are detected by solid-phase modified antigen capture ELISA test (MACE) are a useful prognostic factor in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"103","author":"Fabris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03360.x","article-title":"Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"7","author":"Aster","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.12852","article-title":"Platelet Immunology Subcommittee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Recommendations for standardization of laboratory testing for drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia: communication from the SSC of the ISTH","volume":"13","author":"Arnold","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"8634","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)91733-9","article-title":"348 cases of suspected neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia","volume":"1","author":"Mueller-Eckhardt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(199703)54:3<196::AID-AJH4>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Characterization of the humoral immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"54","author":"Suh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.9.3250","article-title":"Defining an antigenic epitope on platelet factor 4 associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"92","author":"Ziporen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000238350.89477.88","article-title":"Close approximation of two platelet factor 4 tetramers by charge neutralization forms the antigens recognized by HIT antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Greinacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-06-580894","article-title":"Heparin-independent, PF4-dependent binding of HIT antibodies to platelets: implications for HIT pathogenesis","volume":"125","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016000877","article-title":"Polyphosphate\/platelet factor 4 complexes can mediate heparin-independent platelet activation in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"1","author":"Cines","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2001.115525","article-title":"Heparin is not required for detection of antibodies associated with thrombocytopenia\/thrombosis","volume":"138","author":"Visentin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13692","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of IgG-specific versus polyspecific enzyme-linked immunoassays in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Husseinzadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.19.2530","article-title":"Antibodies to platelet factor 4-heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass in\u00a0patients anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin or a low-molecular-weight heparin. Clinical implications for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"99","author":"Pouplard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2010.04059.x","article-title":"The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion","volume":"8","author":"Cuker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03626.x","article-title":"Early-onset and persisting thrombocytopenia in post-cardiac surgery patients is rarely due to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, even when antibody tests are positive","volume":"8","author":"Selleng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1996.d01-1481.x","article-title":"Heparin-induced skin lesions","volume":"92","author":"Warkentin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib37","first-page":"849168","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin induced skin necrosis without platelet fall revealing immunoallergic heparin induced thrombocytopenia","volume":"2013","author":"Godet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-02-0109","article-title":"Risk factors for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: focus on Fc\u03b3 receptors","volume":"116","author":"Rollin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369218300667?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369218300667?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:01:05Z","timestamp":1757923265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369218300667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369218300667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Platelet-Activating Antibodies Are Detectable at the Earliest Onset of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, With Implications for the Operating Characteristics of the Serotonin-Release Assay","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.01.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}