{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:17:27Z","timestamp":1790371047263,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,26]],"date-time":"2018-04-26T13:50:50Z","timestamp":1524750650000},"page":"636-644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Early Corticosteroids for Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Adults Without HIV Are Not Associated With Better Outcome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"154","author":[{"given":"Patrick M.","family":"Wieruszewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason N.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Frazee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritish K.","family":"Tosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross A.","family":"Dierkhising","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin C.","family":"Mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew H.","family":"Limper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.043984-0","article-title":"Rising incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia suggests iatrogenic exposure of immune-compromised patients may be becoming a significant problem","volume":"61","author":"Coyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2014.03.003","article-title":"Predisposing factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of Pneumonocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-negative patients","volume":"20","author":"Kofteridis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1086\/339548","article-title":"Opportunistic infections in patients with and patients without Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Sepkowitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-012-0453-0","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in non-HIV-infected patients in the era of novel immunosuppressive therapies","volume":"18","author":"Tasaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465810380102","article-title":"Update on the diagnosis and treatment of Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"5","author":"Carmona","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1053\/srin.2003.50004","article-title":"The role of inflammation in respiratory impairment during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Hahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4065\/71.1.5","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy","volume":"71","author":"Yale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430220094010","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without AIDS, 1980 through 1993. An analysis of 78 cases","volume":"155","author":"Arend","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5 pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.5.7952557","article-title":"Changing use of intensive care for HIV-infected patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"150","author":"Curtis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.573","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure due to pneumocystis pneumonia in patients without human immunodeficiency virus infection: outcome and associated features","volume":"128","author":"Festic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1086\/342338","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in critically ill patients with malignancy: a descriptive study","volume":"35","author":"Zahar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232131","volume":"323","year":"1990","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib13","first-page":"CD006150","article-title":"Adjunctive corticosteroids for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with HIV infection","author":"Ewald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-87","article-title":"Adjunctive steroid in HIV-negative patients with severe Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"14","author":"Lemiale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1086\/598651","article-title":"Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: retrospective study of 31\u00a0patients","volume":"29","author":"Delclaux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib16","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Force","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00669-11","article-title":"Outcomes of moderate-to-severe Pneumocystis pneumonia treated with adjunctive steroid in non-HIV-infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Moon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.5.1215","article-title":"Use of adjunctive corticosteroids in severe adult non-HIV Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"113","author":"Pareja","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.021","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii testing by real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct examination among immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patient groups and correlation to disease specificity","volume":"69","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Brower","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1410639","article-title":"Driving pressure and survival in the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"372","author":"Amato","year":"2015","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003258651","article-title":"Dose equivalency evaluation of major corticosteroids: pharmacokinetics and cell trafficking and cortisol dynamics","volume":"43","author":"Mager","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.14.1754","article-title":"Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients","volume":"286","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819cefa9","article-title":"Derivation and validation of Spo2\/Fio2 ratio to impute for Pao2\/Fio2 ratio in the respiratory component of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score","volume":"37","author":"Pandharipande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000359","article-title":"Propensity score methods for confounding control in nonexperimental research","volume":"6","author":"Brookhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","article-title":"Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies","volume":"10","author":"Austin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1097\/TXD.0000000000000642","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the data behind current recommendations for corticosteroids in non-HIV related PCP: knowing when you are on shaky foundations","volume":"3","author":"Injean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transplant Direct"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpsur.2009.09.007","article-title":"Respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Burt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surgery (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369218306482?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369218306482?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:04:01Z","timestamp":1757923441000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369218306482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369218306482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early Corticosteroids for Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Adults Without HIV Are Not Associated With Better Outcome","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}