{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T11:25:06Z","timestamp":1794569106027,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004331","name":"Johnson & Johnson","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T19:25:00Z","timestamp":1602962700000},"page":"1372-1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Managing Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease With a Little Help From My Friend"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"159","author":[{"given":"David E.","family":"Griffith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Aksamit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2Pt2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"156","author":"Wallace","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib2","first-page":"744","article-title":"An official ATS\/IDSA statement: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(4):367-416]","volume":"175","author":"Griffith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1125","article-title":"Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS\/ERS\/ESCMID\/ \/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"71","author":"Daley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0700OC","article-title":"Randomized trial of liposomal amikacin for inhalation in nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"195","author":"Olivier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1318OC","article-title":"Amikacin liposome inhalation suspension for treatment-refractory lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (CONVERT): a prospective, open-label, randomized study","volume":"198","author":"Griffith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0387OC","article-title":"Pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infection: a multisystem, multigenic disease","volume":"192","author":"Szymanski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2479OC","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing identifies the 6q12-q16 linkage region and a candidate gene, TTK, for pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease","volume":"196","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0042-3","article-title":"Bronchiectasis","volume":"4","author":"Chalmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0321OC","article-title":"Development of macrolide resistance and reinfection in refractory mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"198","author":"Jhun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-201772","article-title":"Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis","volume":"68","author":"Andr\u00e9jak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700037","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00037-2017","article-title":"The risk of mycobacterial infections associated with inhaled corticosteroid use","volume":"50","author":"Brode","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2019.04.002","article-title":"Application of a commercial serodiagnostic kit that measures the serum anti-glycopeptidolipid core IgA antibody in Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease","volume":"57","author":"Kitada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216034","article-title":"Non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis-Japan Research Consortium (NTM-JRC): retrospective evaluation of natural course in mild cases of Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease","volume":"14","author":"Kimizuka","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201303-062OC","article-title":"Nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: natural course on serial computed tomographic scans","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00798-2019","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with long-term mortality in 1445 patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a 15-year follow-up study","volume":"55","author":"Jhun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185774","article-title":"Natural course of the nodular bronchiectatic form of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: long-term radiologic change without treatment","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix479","article-title":"Microbiological persistence in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: the predictors and the impact on radiographic progression","volume":"65","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3113-x","article-title":"High mortality in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Diel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1203OC","article-title":"Prognostic factors of 634 HIV-negative patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"185","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0349-3","article-title":"Characteristics associated with progression in patients with of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.15.0807","article-title":"Mortality among patients with pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacteria disease","volume":"20","author":"Fleshner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2544-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a prognostic scoring model for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: an observational cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Kumagai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.14.60","article-title":"Drug susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"9","author":"van Ingen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00834-19","article-title":"Antimycobacterial susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria","volume":"57","author":"Brown-Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-011-0351-x","article-title":"Relationship between clinical efficacy for pulmonary MAC and drug-sensitivity test for isolated MAC in a recent 6-year period","volume":"18","author":"Kobashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200603-450OC","article-title":"Clinical and molecular analysis of macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"174","author":"Griffith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201604-246OC","article-title":"Macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease: analysis of 102 consecutive cases","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6758","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01240-16","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, treatment outcomes, and resistance mutations associated with macrolide-resistant Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"60","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01613","article-title":"Challenges of NTM drug development","volume":"9","author":"Falkinham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01612-13","article-title":"In\u00a0vitro activity of amikacin against isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex with proposed MIC breakpoints and finding of a 16S rRNA gene mutation in treated isolates","volume":"51","author":"Brown-Elliott","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.3.747","article-title":"Reduced serum levels of clarithromycin in patients treated with multidrug regimens including rifampin or rifabutin for Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare infection","volume":"171","author":"Wallace","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201204-0682OC","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment","volume":"186","author":"van Ingen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1088OC","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"186","author":"Koh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6076","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00770-16","article-title":"Peak plasma concentration of azithromycin and treatment responses in Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"60","author":"Jeong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2538","article-title":"Macrolide\/azalide therapy for nodular\/bronchiectatic mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"146","author":"Wallace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201408-1545OC","article-title":"Intermittent antibiotic therapy for nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"191","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01812","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01812-17","article-title":"Intermittent antibiotic therapy for recurrent nodular bronchiectatic Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"62","author":"Jhun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201503-0444OC","article-title":"Semiquantitative culture analysis during therapy for Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease","volume":"192","author":"Griffith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201304-085OC","article-title":"Lack of adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"11","author":"Adjemian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01855-2016","article-title":"Poor adherence to management guidelines in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases","volume":"49","author":"van Ingen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-1297","article-title":"The significance of Mycobacterium abscessus subspecies abscessus isolation during Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease therapy","volume":"147","author":"Griffith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01105","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01105-18","article-title":"Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases caused by mixed infection with Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium abscessus complex","volume":"62","author":"Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.04.002","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind randomized study of aminoglycoside infusion with combined therapy for pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease","volume":"101","author":"Kobashi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-7-2","article-title":"Aerosolized amikacin for treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium infections: an observational case series","volume":"7","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2665-5","article-title":"The efficacy, safety, and feasibility of inhaled amikacin for the treatment of difficult-to-treat non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung diseases","volume":"17","author":"Yagi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00011","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00011-18","article-title":"Amikacin inhalation as salvage therapy for refractory nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"62","author":"Jhun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201308-266OC","article-title":"Efficacy of clarithromycin and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease: a preliminary study","volume":"11","author":"Miwa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib48","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Comparison of two- versus three-antibiotic therapy for pulmonary mycobacterium avium complex disease (MAC2v3). NCT03672630. ClinicalTrials.gov. National Institutes of Health; 2018. Updated December 30, 2020. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03672630."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.4.1482","article-title":"Treatment of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex lung disease with a macrolide, ethambutol, and clofazimine","volume":"124","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0543","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in patients treated with regimens including clofazimine and\/or rifampin","volume":"149","author":"Jarand","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.04.175","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of clofazimine for primary and refractory nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"152","author":"Martiniano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1086\/420742","article-title":"Aminoglycoside toxicity: daily versus thrice-weekly dosing for treatment of mycobacterial diseases","volume":"38","author":"Peloquin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-2764","article-title":"Preliminary results of bedaquiline as salvage therapy for patients with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease","volume":"148","author":"Philley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369220349242?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369220349242?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:29:37Z","timestamp":1757924977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369220349242"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369220349242"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Managing Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease With a Little Help From My Friend","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2020.10.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}