{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T18:40:44Z","timestamp":1789756844586,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T14:43:19Z","timestamp":1621608199000},"page":"1552-1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mediastinal Staging for Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Farhood","family":"Farjah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole T.","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2355","article-title":"Methods for staging non-small cell lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians\u2019 evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Silvestri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.3747\/co.v18i6.820","article-title":"Invasive mediastinal staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a clinical practice guideline","volume":"18","author":"Darling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1392040","volume":"47","author":"Vilmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1628","article-title":"Determinants of practice patterns and quality gaps in lung cancer staging and diagnosis","volume":"145","author":"Ost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1599","article-title":"Quality gaps and comparative effectiveness in lung cancer staging and diagnosis","volume":"145","author":"Ost","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.09.025","article-title":"Quality gaps and comparative effectiveness in lung cancer staging and diagnosis","volume":"157","author":"Ost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.04.068","article-title":"Invasive mediastinal staging for resected non-small cell lung cancer in a population-based cohort","volume":"158","author":"Osarogiagbon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.03.054","article-title":"A prediction model for nodal disease among patients with non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"110","author":"Verdial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.06.071","article-title":"Patterns of surgical care of lung cancer patients","volume":"80","author":"Little","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2007.03.012","article-title":"National survey of non-small cell lung cancer in the United States: epidemiology, pathology and patterns of care","volume":"57","author":"Little","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.03.008","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of lung cancer in a community health care setting","volume":"100","author":"Faris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318236ecbb","article-title":"Thoroughness of mediastinal staging in stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Vest","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318197f4d9","article-title":"Multi-modality mediastinal staging for lung cancer among Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"4","author":"Farjah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.05.012","article-title":"Invasive mediastinal staging for lung cancer by Society of Thoracic Surgeons database participants","volume":"106","author":"Krantz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.12.138","article-title":"Variability in invasive mediastinal staging for lung cancer: a multi-center regional study","volume":"155","author":"Thornblade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.05.016","article-title":"Commentary: invasive mediastinal staging for lung cancer-quality gap, evidence gap, both?","volume":"158","author":"Farjah","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.02.038","article-title":"Still guideline-discordant after all these years","volume":"157","author":"Farjah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-2900","article-title":"Quality indicators for the evaluation of patients with lung cancer","volume":"146","author":"Mazzone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2914","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: results of the AQuIRE Bronchoscopy Registry","volume":"140","author":"Ost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207221","article-title":"The British Thoracic Society guidelines on the investigation and management of pulmonary nodules","volume":"70","author":"Baldwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2351","article-title":"Evaluation of individuals with pulmonary nodules: when is it lung cancer? Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201803-173CME","article-title":"Models to estimate the probability of malignancy in patients with pulmonary nodules","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2020.03.68","article-title":"Approaches to lung nodule risk assessment: clinician intuition versus prediction models","volume":"12","author":"Fox","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440290031002","article-title":"The probability of malignancy in solitary pulmonary nodules. Application to small radiologically indeterminate nodules","volume":"157","author":"Swensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-3046","article-title":"Quality gaps and comparative effectiveness in lung cancer staging: the impact of test sequencing on outcomes","volume":"144","author":"Almeida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201607-1397OC","article-title":"A\u00a0prediction model to help with the assessment of adenopathy in lung cancer: HAL","volume":"195","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201904-0831OC","article-title":"A\u00a0prediction model to help with oncologic mediastinal evaluation for radiation: HOMER","volume":"201","author":"Martinez-Zayas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezu028","article-title":"Revised ESTS guidelines for preoperative mediastinal lymph node staging for non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"45","author":"De Leyn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2017.09.090","article-title":"Validity of the updated European Society of Thoracic Surgeons staging guideline in lung cancer patients","volume":"155","author":"Turna","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0397ED","article-title":"Invasive mediastinal staging in lung cancer. Use a prediction model or just do it?","volume":"195","author":"Tanner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00132","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in staging early lung cancer: a randomized trial","volume":"151","author":"Maziak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.4695","article-title":"Traditional versus up-front [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography staging of non-small-cell lung cancer: a Dutch cooperative randomized study","volume":"24","author":"Herder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.04.126","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of the role of positron emission tomography in the management of stage I and II non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"22","author":"Viney","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"9315","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08352-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of positron emission tomography in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected non-small-cell lung cancer: the PLUS multicentre randomised trial","volume":"359","author":"van Tinteren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900043","article-title":"Preoperative staging of lung cancer with combined PET-CT","volume":"361","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0790","article-title":"American College of Chest Physicians and Society of Thoracic Surgeons consensus statement for evaluation and management for high-risk patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"142","author":"Donington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.07.088","article-title":"Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer","volume":"107","author":"Berfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029507","article-title":"Study protocol for VIdeo assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy versus conventional Open LobEcTomy for lung cancer, a UK multicentre randomised controlled trial with an internal pilot (the VIOLET study)","volume":"9","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1705","article-title":"Mediastinoscopy vs endosonography for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer: a randomized trial.","volume":"304","author":"Annema","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.09.021","article-title":"Safety and costs of endobronchial ultrasound-guided nodal aspiration and mediastinoscopy","volume":"157","author":"Verdial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-0212","article-title":"Training for linear endobronchial ultrasound among US pulmonary\/critical care fellowships: a survey of fellowship directors","volume":"143","author":"Tanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1353","article-title":"Simultaneously diagnosing and staging lung cancer: a win-win for the patient and the health-care system","volume":"144","author":"Tanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202002-0251ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and detection of sarcoidosis. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"201","author":"Crouser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13008","article-title":"The epidemic of drug-induced sarcoidosis-like reactions: a side effect that we can live with","volume":"288","author":"Judson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12991","article-title":"Drug-induced sarcoidosis: an overview of the WHO pharmacovigilance database","volume":"288","author":"Cohen Aubart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-018-0359-6","article-title":"MEDIASTinal staging of non\u2013small cell lung cancer by endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasonography with or without additional surgical mediastinoscopy (MEDIASTrial): study protocol of a multicenter randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Bousema","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Surg"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369221009004?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369221009004?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:38:07Z","timestamp":1757925487000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369221009004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369221009004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Mediastinal Staging for Lung Cancer","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2021.05.009","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}