{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T09:23:59Z","timestamp":1793697839014,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004328","name":"Genentech","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004328","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006259","name":"Teva Pharmaceutical Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006259","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004330","name":"GlaxoSmithKline","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008349","name":"Boehringer Ingelheim","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002429","name":"Amgen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chest"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T10:52:54Z","timestamp":1645613574000},"page":"747-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Management of Life-Threatening Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"162","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7212-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Garner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Scott","family":"Ramey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola A.","family":"Hanania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib1","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology","volume":"5","author":"Mims","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2019.1621889","article-title":"Trends and predictors of hospitalization after emergency department asthma visits among U.S. adults, 2006-2014","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Asthma"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-011-8274-y","article-title":"The critically ill asthmatic\u2014from ICU to discharge","volume":"43","author":"Louie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2013.810243","article-title":"A\u00a0simplified severity score for acute asthma exacerbation","volume":"50","author":"Dankner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Asthma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e32831da852","article-title":"Predicting response to therapy in acute asthma","volume":"15","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.3.1081","article-title":"Acute asthma in adults: a review","volume":"125","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3109\/02770909709055396","article-title":"Continuously nebulized albuterol in severe exacerbations of asthma in adults: a case-controlled study","volume":"34","author":"Baker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Asthma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.1.160","article-title":"Continuous vs\u00a0intermittent beta-agonists in the treatment of acute adult asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.92","article-title":"Comparison of 2.5 vs\u00a07.5\u00a0mg of inhaled albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma","volume":"115","author":"Emerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib10","first-page":"CD010179","article-title":"Addition of intravenous beta(2)-agonists to inhaled beta(2)-agonists for acute asthma","volume":"12","author":"Travers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.08.023","article-title":"The role of intrinsic efficacy in determining response to a beta2-agonist in acute severe asthma","volume":"101","author":"Hanania","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2019.40.4258","article-title":"Acute severe asthma (status asthmaticus)","volume":"40","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00243-0","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analysis of the effects of ipratropium bromide in adults with acute asthma","volume":"107","author":"Rodrigo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2003.11.016","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy for acute asthma","volume":"98","author":"Rowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib15","first-page":"621","article-title":"Oral versus intravenous steroids in acute exacerbation of asthma\u2014randomized controlled study","volume":"59","author":"Dembla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2017.06.002","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate infusion for acute asthma in the emergency department","volume":"93","author":"Irazuzta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.03.029","article-title":"Evaluation and management of the critically ill adult asthmatic in the emergency department setting","volume":"44","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib18","first-page":"CD003898","article-title":"Inhaled magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute asthma","volume":"12","author":"Powell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.3.732","article-title":"Mechanisms of hypoxemia in patients with status asthmaticus requiring mechanical ventilation","volume":"139","author":"Rodriguez-Roisin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1055","article-title":"Serial relationships between ventilation-perfusion inequality and spirometry in acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization","volume":"137","author":"Roca","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"7351","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7351.1406","article-title":"Oxygen therapy in acute medical care","volume":"324","author":"Thomson","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.3.728","article-title":"Uncontrolled oxygen administration and respiratory failure in acute asthma","volume":"117","author":"Chien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.124.4.1312","article-title":"Effects of short-term 28%\u00a0and 100%\u00a0oxygen on Paco2 and peak expiratory flow rate in acute asthma: a randomized trial","volume":"124","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib24","first-page":"2301712","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula: a promising oxygen therapy for patients with severe bronchial asthma complicated with respiratory failure","volume":"2020","author":"Geng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib25","series-title":"British Guideline on the Management of Asthma","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib26","series-title":"Australian Asthma Handbook","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib27","first-page":"5057390","article-title":"A\u00a0loading dose of IV salbutamol in an adolescent with severe acute asthma and cardiac arrest","volume":"2019","author":"Boeschoten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep Pediatr"},{"issue":"5 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib28","first-page":"S94","article-title":"Expert panel report 3 (EPR-3): guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma\u2014summary report 2007 [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(6):1330]","volume":"120","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05953","article-title":"Medication regimens for managing acute asthma","volume":"63","author":"Maselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.1.2003025","article-title":"Improvement in aerosol delivery with helium-oxygen mixtures during mechanical ventilation","volume":"163","author":"Goode","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2013.09.024","article-title":"Heliox-driven \u03b22-agonists nebulization for children and adults with acute asthma: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"112","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.3.524","article-title":"Deposition in asthmatics of particles inhaled in air or in helium-oxygen","volume":"147","author":"Anderson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.09.036","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized trial of benralizumab, an antiinterleukin 5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, after acute asthma","volume":"33","author":"Nowak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib34","first-page":"CD004360","article-title":"Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma","volume":"12","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/cc1451","article-title":"Clinical review: severe asthma","volume":"6","author":"Papiris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-013-8394-7","article-title":"Critical asthma syndrome in the ICU","volume":"48","author":"Schivo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.09.025","article-title":"Delayed sequence intubation: a prospective observational study","volume":"65","author":"Weingart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2016.08.050","article-title":"Shock index, pediatric age-adjusted (SIPA) is more accurate than age-adjusted hypotension for trauma team activation","volume":"161","author":"Acker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2019.4.42753","article-title":"Alternatives to rapid sequence intubation: contemporary airway management with ketamine","volume":"20","author":"Merelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1097\/LBR.0000000000000525","article-title":"Risk factors for loss of lung sliding in a medical intensive care population with acute respiratory failure","volume":"26","author":"Mallow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bronchology Interv Pulmonol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617740079","article-title":"Mechanically ventilating the severe asthmatic","volume":"33","author":"Laher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.P09ST4","article-title":"Intubation and mechanical ventilation of the asthmatic patient in respiratory failure","volume":"6","author":"Brenner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70026-9","article-title":"Ventilation of patients with asthma and obstructive lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-9-56","article-title":"Sedation in non-invasive ventilation: do we know what to do (and why)?","volume":"9","author":"Longrois","year":"2014","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000004335","article-title":"The reemergence of ketamine for treatment in critically ill adults","volume":"48","author":"Hurth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib46","first-page":"147","volume":"23","author":"Takasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Anesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900500264812","article-title":"Halothane, an effective infrequently used drug, in the treatment of pediatric status asthmaticus: a case report","volume":"42","author":"Restrepo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Asthma"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066617713169","article-title":"An unusual complication with the administration of a volatile anesthetic agent for status asthmaticus in the pediatric intensive care unit: case report and review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Shutes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2017-223276","article-title":"Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for near-fatal asthma refractory to conventional ventilation","volume":"2018","author":"Maqsood","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3181901ea5","article-title":"Outcomes using extracorporeal life support for adult respiratory failure due to status asthmaticus","volume":"55","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00267-2019","article-title":"Inflammatory and microbiological associations with near-fatal asthma requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1177\/0391398820975408","article-title":"Venovenous ECMO treatment, outcomes, and complications in adults according to large case series: a systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0000000000000073","article-title":"First experience with a new miniaturized pump-driven venovenous extracorporeal CO2 removal system (iLA Activve): a retrospective data analysis","volume":"60","author":"Hermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"ASAIO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNamee JJ, Gillies MA, Barrett NA, et\u00a0al. Effect of lower tidal volume ventilation facilitated by extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal vs\u00a0standard care ventilation on 90-day mortality in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: the REST randomized clinical trial [published online ahead of print August 31, 2021]. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.13374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13374"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199411000-00027","article-title":"Combined bronchoscopy and mucolytic therapy for patients with severe refractory status asthmaticus on mechanical ventilation: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Henke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Chest"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369222003956?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369222003956?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:44:25Z","timestamp":1757925865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369222003956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369222003956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Management of Life-Threatening Asthma","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Chest","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.02.029","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}