{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:40:49Z","timestamp":1787611249963,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1170958"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1170958"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["08\/158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011302","name":"Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["389837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["389837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CHEST"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T21:00:59Z","timestamp":1661634059000},"page":"52-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Long-term Azithromycin in Children With Bronchiectasis Unrelated to Cystic Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0176-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Don","family":"Vicendese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Yerkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"Grimwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Valery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Byrnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyamali C.","family":"Dharmage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne B.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13398","article-title":"Bronchiectasis: treatment decisions for pulmonary exacerbations and their prevention","volume":"23","author":"Bell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02990-2020","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of children and adolescents with bronchiectasis","volume":"58","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212463","article-title":"British Thoracic Society Guideline for bronchiectasis in adults","volume":"74","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017","article-title":"European Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis","volume":"50","author":"Polverino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00519","article-title":"Azithromycin prescribing by respiratory pediatricians in Australia and New Zealand for chronic wet cough: a questionnaire-based survey","volume":"8","author":"Chellew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70185-1","article-title":"Long-term azithromycin for Indigenous children with non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic suppurative lung disease (Bronchiectasis Intervention Study): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Valery","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2480-0","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal carriage and macrolide resistance in indigenous children with bronchiectasis randomized to long-term azithromycin or placebo","volume":"34","author":"Hare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-122","article-title":"Azithromycin for indigenous children with bronchiectasis: study protocol for a multi-centre randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Valery","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"398","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478440","article-title":"Generalized additive models: some applications","volume":"82","author":"Hastie","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib11","series-title":"R\u00a0Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib12","first-page":"20","article-title":"mgcv: GAMs and generalized ridge regression for R","volume":"1","author":"Wood","year":"2001","journal-title":". R News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib13","series-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.12238","article-title":"Introduction to causal diagrams for confounder selection","volume":"19","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib15","series-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16","year":"2019"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.1937","article-title":"Effect of azithromycin maintenance treatment on infectious exacerbations among patients with non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: the BAT randomized controlled trial","volume":"309","author":"Altenburg","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9842","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60953-2","article-title":"Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (EMBRACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"380","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00122","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00122-2021","article-title":"Clinical and research priorities for children and young people with bronchiectasis: an international roadmap","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13828","article-title":"Cost of hospitalization for bronchiectasis exacerbation in children","volume":"25","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.025","article-title":"Long-term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Samson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201812-882OC","article-title":"Quantifying long-term changes in lung function and exacerbations after initiation of azithromycin in cystic fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Denis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1206OC","article-title":"Pulmonary outcomes associated with long-term azithromycin therapy in cystic fibrosis","volume":"201","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000569","article-title":"Bronchiectasis phenotypes","volume":"25","author":"Chang-Macchiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulmon Med"},{"issue":"153","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0048-2019","article-title":"The microbiome in bronchiectasis","volume":"28","author":"Richardson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102095","article-title":"The immunomodulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics in respiratory disease","volume":"71","author":"Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmon Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib26","article-title":"Mechanism of azithromycin in airway diseases","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Intern Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E215","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00300-1","article-title":"Biofilms are common, but not ubiquitous, in bronchoalveolar lavage from children with protracted bacterial bronchitis or non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"3","author":"Marsh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00194-2020","article-title":"Airway abundance of Haemophilus influenzae predicts response to azithromycin in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma","volume":"56","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(13)70012-4","article-title":"Viral respiratory burden in moderate-to-late preterm infants","volume":"89","author":"Bont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib30","first-page":"24","article-title":"Impact of early life exposures on respiratory disease","volume":"40","author":"Bush","year":"2021","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1562","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1737","article-title":"Gestational age, birth weight, and risk of respiratory hospital admission in childhood","volume":"132","author":"Paranjothy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201703-0554OC","article-title":"Maturation of the infant respiratory microbiota, environmental drivers, and health consequences: a prospective cohort study","volume":"196","author":"Bosch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10339","article-title":"Retrospective review of children presenting with non cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: HRCT features and clinical relationships","volume":"36","author":"Edwards","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21331","article-title":"Do New Zealand children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis show disease progression?","volume":"46","author":"Munro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.10289","article-title":"Non-CF bronchiectasis: clinical and HRCT evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13739","article-title":"Ethnicity, socioeconomic status and the severity and course of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"48","author":"de Boer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl 61","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib37","first-page":"PA3586","article-title":"Obesity and related factors in bronchiectasis","volume":"50","author":"Ozgun Niksarlioglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.057","article-title":"Comparison of profiles of first nations and non-first nations children with bronchiectasis over two 5-year periods in the Northern Territory, Australia","volume":"160","author":"McCallum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["CHEST"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369222036844?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369222036844?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T23:05:20Z","timestamp":1762124720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369222036844"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369222036844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term Azithromycin in Children With Bronchiectasis Unrelated to Cystic Fibrosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CHEST","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2216","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}