{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:16:54Z","timestamp":1791584214363,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000362","name":"Asthma and Lung UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000362","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004336","name":"Novartis AG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal.chestnet.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["CHEST"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T15:48:53Z","timestamp":1756223333000},"page":"1317-1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Inflammatory and Mucociliary Dysfunction-Based Endotypes Across the Spectrum of Chronic Airway Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"168","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"Cant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morven","family":"Shuttleworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Stobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Perea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merete","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hollian","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Alferes de Lima Headley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.J.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Shoemark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5514-7868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James D.","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00328-2018","article-title":"The overlap between bronchiectasis and chronic airway diseases: state of the art and future directions","volume":"52","author":"Polverino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01359-2015","article-title":"Treatable traits: toward precision medicine of chronic airway diseases","volume":"47","author":"Agusti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02058-2018","article-title":"Treatable traits: a new paradigm for 21st century management of chronic airway diseases: Treatable Traits Down Under International Workshop report","volume":"53","author":"McDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2017.04.002","article-title":"Consensus on the asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) between the Spanish COPD guidelines (GesEPOC) and the Spanish guidelines on the management of asthma (GEMA)","volume":"53","author":"Plaza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00436-2016","article-title":"What is asthma-COPD overlap syndrome? Towards a consensus definition from a round table discussion","volume":"48","author":"Sin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02397-2016","article-title":"Th-2 signature in chronic airway diseases: towards the extinction of asthma-COPD overlap syndrome?","volume":"49","author":"Cos\u00edo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.08.002","article-title":"Th17-mediated inflammation in asthma","volume":"25","author":"Newcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00528-2020","article-title":"Treatment options in type-2 low asthma","volume":"57","author":"Hinks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","article-title":"Characterization of eosinophilic bronchiectasis: a European multicohort study","volume":"205","author":"Shoemark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201906-1219OC","article-title":"Airway mucus hyperconcentration in non\u2013cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis","volume":"201","author":"Ramsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200803-391OC","article-title":"MUC5B is the major mucin in the gel phase of sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"178","author":"Kirkham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13e39.x","article-title":"Regulation of mucociliary clearance in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Houtmeyers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698462","article-title":"Treating the airway consequences of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator dysfunction","volume":"40","author":"Toprak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sem Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119138","article-title":"Sodium chloride increases the ciliary transportability of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis sputum on the mucus-depleted bovine trachea","volume":"99","author":"Wills","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1159\/000050582","article-title":"The effect of erythromycin on mucociliary transportability and rheology of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis sputum","volume":"68","author":"Shibuya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087681","article-title":"A biophysical basis for mucus solids concentration as a candidate biomarker for airways disease","volume":"9","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","article-title":"Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary","volume":"195","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202109-2205PP","article-title":"Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes","volume":"205","author":"Reddel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00277-0","article-title":"Criteria and definitions for the radiological and clinical diagnosis of bronchiectasis in adults for use in clinical trials: international consensus recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Aliberti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201605-1027OC","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase activity is associated with exacerbations and lung function decline in bronchiectasis","volume":"195","author":"Chalmers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01072-3","article-title":"Ultra-accurate microbial amplicon sequencing with synthetic long reads","volume":"9","author":"Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws289","article-title":"A framework for multiple imputation in cluster analysis","volume":"177","author":"Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib24","first-page":"1","article-title":"mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"Van Buuren","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib25","unstructured":"Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Accessed May 7, 2025. http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.10.006","article-title":"A unifying criterion for unsupervised clustering and feature selection","volume":"44","author":"Breaban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Recogn"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01655-2017","article-title":"Precision medicine in airway diseases: moving to clinical practice","volume":"50","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"9643","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61452-X","article-title":"Endotyping asthma: new insights into key pathogenic mechanisms in a complex, heterogeneous disease","volume":"372","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00303-2019","article-title":"A point-of-care neutrophil elastase activity assay identifies bronchiectasis severity, airway infection and risk of exacerbation","volume":"53","author":"Shoemark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30557-9","article-title":"The sputum microbiome and clinical outcomes in patients with bronchiectasis: a prospective observational study","volume":"9","author":"Dicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303951","article-title":"Dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation indicated by eosinophil counts","volume":"389","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["CHEST"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369225051219?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0012369225051219?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T06:23:43Z","timestamp":1773815023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0012369225051219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0012369225051219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-3692"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-3692","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Inflammatory and Mucociliary Dysfunction-Based Endotypes Across the Spectrum of Chronic Airway Diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"CHEST","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2025.07.4087","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc under license from the American College of Chest Physicians.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}