{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:19:08Z","timestamp":1790878748036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]],"date-time":"2008-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,10]],"date-time":"2008-11-10T03:02:13Z","timestamp":1226286133000},"page":"994-1002","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Rates and psychological effects of exposure to family violence among Sri Lankan university students"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Muhammad M.","family":"Haj-Yahia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyanjli","family":"de Zoysa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.1014","article-title":"Abusive home environments as predictors of poor adjustment during adolescence and early adulthood","volume":"29","author":"Bank","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib2","series-title":"Family violence across the lifespan: An introduction","author":"Barnett","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0803_3","article-title":"Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument","volume":"8","author":"Belsky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/088626089004002002","article-title":"The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC-33): Early data on a new scale","volume":"4","author":"Briere","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838000001004002","article-title":"Children exposed to intimate partner violence: Research findings and implications for intervention","volume":"1","author":"Carlson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400006209","article-title":"Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome","volume":"5","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02333339","article-title":"Beyond over- and under-control: Behavioral observations of shelter children","volume":"11","author":"Copping","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib8","unstructured":"Department of Census & Statistics (2005). Statistics\/indicators for Sri Lanka. Available at: http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.lk\/index.cfm (accessed on 3rd June 2005)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v11n02_06","article-title":"Child sexual abuse in Sri Lanka: The current state of affairs and recommendations for the future","volume":"11","author":"De Zoysa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib10","unstructured":"De Zoysa, P. (2006). Parental use of physical force towards school children in the Colombo district: Prevalence, psychosocial correlates & psychological consequences. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka, pp. 137\u2013141."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib11","first-page":"110","article-title":"Psychology in an Asian country: A report from Sri Lanka","volume":"2","author":"De Zoysa","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychologists"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/107780129952003","article-title":"The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering","volume":"5","author":"Edleson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1177\/088626099014008004","article-title":"Children\u2019s witnessing of adult domestic violence","volume":"14","author":"Edleson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024068314963","article-title":"Adult survivors of childhood abuse: An analysis of coping mechanisms used for stressful childhood memories and current stressors","volume":"18","author":"Futa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(02)00119-2","article-title":"Men who batter and their children: An integrated review","volume":"9","author":"Guille","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/088626097012004004","article-title":"Predicting beliefs about wife beating among engaged Arab men in Israel","volume":"12","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1080\/00224549809603263","article-title":"Perceptions of abusive and violent husbands by engaged Arab men in Israel","volume":"138","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00119-4","article-title":"The exposure of Palestinian adolescents to family violence: The rates and correlates of the problem","volume":"27","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00185-X","article-title":"The incidence of Arab adolescents\u2019 exposure to violence in their families of origin and its socio-demographic correlates","volume":"24","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260506294995","article-title":"Beliefs of Sri Lankan medical students about wife beating","volume":"22","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1177\/019251302237302","article-title":"The incidence of adolescent maltreatment in Arab society and some of its psychological consequences","volume":"23","author":"Haj-Yahia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-1789(00)00030-6","article-title":"Multiple forms of child abuse and neglect: Adult retrospective reports","volume":"6","author":"Higgins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2307\/3090177","article-title":"The impact of childhood abuse and neglect on adult mental health: A prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Horwitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01006629","article-title":"Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A \u201cdouble whammy?\u201d","volume":"4","author":"Hughes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib25","series-title":"Domestic abuse","author":"Kakar","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib26","series-title":"The APSAC handbook on children maltreatment","first-page":"21","article-title":"Child physical abuse","author":"Kolko","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.445","article-title":"The effects of family and community violence on children","volume":"51","author":"Margolin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib28","series-title":"Culture and psychology","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00488","article-title":"Impact of child maltreatment and interadult violence on children\u2019s emotion regulation abilities and socioemotional adjustment","volume":"3","author":"Maughan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib30","series-title":"Child maltreatment: An introduction","author":"Miller-Perrin","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838000001003004","article-title":"Children exposed to family violence: A review of empirical research from a developmental perspective.","volume":"1","author":"Mohr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/104438949407500701","article-title":"Adjustment of children from maritally violent homes","volume":"75","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Families in Society"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1300\/J135v03n01_02","article-title":"Domestic violence and children\u2019s adjustment: A review of research","volume":"3","author":"Onyskiw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOFV.0000028075.94410.85","article-title":"Lifetime abuse, mental health, and African American women","volume":"19","author":"Ramos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1971(85)80005-1","article-title":"The Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire: A measure of psychosocial family health during adolescence","volume":"8","author":"Roelofse","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.1020","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of physical child abuse within an ecological framework: Measurement issues","volume":"29","author":"Stockhammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","article-title":"Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales","volume":"41","author":"Straus","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib38","series-title":"Physical violence in American families","first-page":"95","article-title":"How violent are American families? Estimates from the national family violence resurvey and other studies","author":"Straus","year":"1990"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/019251396017003001","article-title":"The Revised Conflicts Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data","volume":"17","author":"Straus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1300\/J283v04n04_03","article-title":"The impact of spousal violence on the children of the abused","volume":"4","author":"Suh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Individual Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1080\/09540269974366","article-title":"Psychological intervention with displaced widows in Sri Lanka","volume":"11","author":"Tribe","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838001002003002","article-title":"Three decades of child maltreatment research: Implications for the school years","volume":"2","author":"Veltman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib43","series-title":"Handbook of antisocial behavior","first-page":"159","article-title":"Child abuse, neglect, and witnessing violence","author":"Widom","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib44","series-title":"Partner violence: A comprehensive review of 20 years of research","first-page":"73","article-title":"Children exposed to partner violence","author":"Wolak","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024910416164","article-title":"The effects of children\u2019s exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique","volume":"6","author":"Wolfe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005939","article-title":"Dimensions of child maltreatment and their relationship to adolescent adjustment","volume":"6","author":"Wolfe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213408001609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213408001609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T02:20:11Z","timestamp":1557886811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213408001609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0145213408001609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10]]}}}