{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:43:27Z","timestamp":1783039407787,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,3]],"date-time":"2013-01-03T12:50:53Z","timestamp":1357217453000},"page":"778-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Maltreatment experiences and associated factors prior to admission to residential care: A sample of institutionalized children and youth in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"Morantz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ayaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Ayuku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Braitstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq168","article-title":"Child abuse in 28 developing and transitional countries-results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys","volume":"40","author":"Akmatov","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","article-title":"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology","volume":"256","author":"Anda","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120310001633921","article-title":"Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in southern Africa","volume":"16","author":"Ansell","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.018","article-title":"Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda","volume":"61","author":"Atwine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0025","first-page":"366","article-title":"Child abuse and neglect as seen in a tertiary hospital in western Kenya: Paediatricians\u2019 perspective","volume":"88","author":"Ayaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/17450120802195359","article-title":"Who are the most vulnerable? Disaggregating orphan categories and identifying child outcome status in Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"Baar\u00f8y","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0035","series-title":"Rapid assessment: The situation of children in South Africa","author":"Berry","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.094359","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and links to HIV and orphanhood in urban Zimbabwe","volume":"65","author":"Birdthistle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2004.0019","article-title":"Orphans in Africa: Parental death, poverty, and school enrollment","volume":"41","author":"Case","year":"2004","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600986578","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers\u2019 perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Cluver","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20396","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress in AIDS-orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: The protective role of perceived social support","volume":"22","author":"Cluver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.04.002","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for bullying victimization among AIDS-affected and vulnerable children in South Africa","volume":"34","author":"Cluver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822f0d82","article-title":"Transactional sex amongst AIDS-orphaned and AIDS-affected adolescents predicted by abuse and extreme poverty","volume":"58","author":"Cluver","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903033037","article-title":"Consequences of HIV for children: Avoidable or inevitable?","volume":"21","author":"Desmond","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0075","first-page":"102","article-title":"The vulnerability of orphans in Thyolo district, southern Malawi","volume":"9","author":"Funkquist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tanzania Health Research Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0080","series-title":"AIDS in Africa","first-page":"664","article-title":"The orphan crisis","author":"Foster","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0085","unstructured":"Government of Kenya, The Children (Charitable Children's Institutions) Regulations (A supplement to the Children Act, 2001), Ministry of Health Affairs (Ed.). 2005. Government of Kenya. p. Legal Notice N.145."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600763225","article-title":"Extended family caring for children orphaned by AIDS: Balancing essential work and caregiving in a high HIV prevalence nations","volume":"19","author":"Heymann","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120902927593","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS, declining family resources and the community safety net","volume":"21","author":"Heymann","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0100","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. (n.d.). Kenya. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/kenya\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0105","unstructured":"Kenyan Open Data Project. (2011). County Data Sheet: Uasin Gishu. Retrieved October 26, 2011, from http:\/\/opendata.go.ke\/facet\/counties\/Uasin%20Gishu"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600608396","article-title":"Africa's orphan crisis: Two community-based models of care","volume":"19","author":"Kidman","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00336-8","article-title":"Challenges facing child protection","volume":"26","author":"Lachman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.06.001","article-title":"Understanding the current position of research in Africa as the foundation for child protection programs","volume":"28","author":"Lachman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1080\/00094056.2004.10521276","article-title":"Responding to the Special Needs of Children: Educating HIV\/AIDS Orphans in Kenya","volume":"80","author":"Mbugua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Childhood Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0130","unstructured":"Meintjes, H., Moses, S., Berry, L., & Mampane, R. (2007). HomeTruths: The Phenomenon of residential care for children in a time of AIDS. Cape Town, South Africa, Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, and Pretoria, South Africa, Centre for the Study of AIDS, University of Pretoria. Retrieved September 12, 2011, from http:\/\/hrbaportal.org\/wp-content\/files\/1265306024_8_1_1_1_resfile.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.03.002","article-title":"Emerging health disparities in Botswana: Examining the situation of orphans during the AIDS epidemic","volume":"64","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200406002-00007","article-title":"Orphanhood and childcare patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of national surveys from 40 countries","volume":"18","author":"Monasch","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903012601","article-title":"Life in institutional care: The voices of children in a residential facility in Botswana","volume":"22","author":"Morantz","year":"2010","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00359-3","article-title":"Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya","volume":"57","author":"Nyambedha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.04.048","article-title":"When the obvious brother is not there: Political and cultural contexts of the orphan challenge in northern Uganda","volume":"61","author":"Oleke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568206062943","article-title":"The varying vulnerability of African orphans \u2013 the case of the Langi, Northern Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Oleke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childhood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9459-0","article-title":"Negative mental health factors in children orphaned by AIDS: Natural mentoring as a palliative care","volume":"13","author":"Onuoha","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-14-25","article-title":"HIV infection and sexual risk behaviour among youth who have experienced orphanhood: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Operario","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0175","series-title":"Children in residential care: The Zimbabwean experience","author":"Powell","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0180","first-page":"130","article-title":"Children in institutional care: Lessons from Zimbabwe's experience","volume":"21","author":"Powell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Social Development in Africa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.02.012","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting","volume":"34","author":"Ramiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0190","series-title":"International Conference on AIDS","article-title":"The role of institutional care in community based programs on orphans and vulnerable children [Abstract No. G12528]","author":"Reeler","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60247-6","article-title":"Sexual violence and its health consequences for female children in Swaziland: A cluster survey study","volume":"373","author":"Reza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0200","series-title":"Ethical Guidelines for Gathering Information from Children and Adolescents in International Settings","author":"Schenk","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0205","first-page":"105","article-title":"The psychological effect of orphanhood: A study of orphans in Rakai district","volume":"7","author":"Sengendo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Health Transition Review: The Cultural, Social, and Behavioural Determinants of Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920","article-title":"A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world","volume":"16","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0270","unstructured":"Strode, A., & Barrett-Grant, K. (2001). The Role of stigma and discrimination in increasing vulnerability of children and youth infected with and affected by HIV\/AIDS. Save the Children, Arcadia, South Africa. Retrieved December 21, 2012, from: http:\/\/www.ovcsupport.net\/s\/library.php?ld=116"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0220","series-title":"Children affected by AIDS: Africa's orphaned and vulnerable generations","author":"United Nations Children's Fund","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0225","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. (2010). Children and AIDS: Fifth Stocktaking Report, 2010. Retrieved July 18, 2011, from http:\/\/www.childinfo.org\/files\/Children_and_AIDSFifth_Stocktaking_Report_2010_EN.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. (2012). The State of the World's Children 2012: Children in an Urban World. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sowc2012\/pdfs\/SOWC-2012-Main-Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf","DOI":"10.18356\/ff6fb82e-en"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0235","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund. (n.d.). The Convention on the Rights of the Child. Protection Rights: Keeping safe from harm. Retrieved September 26, 2012, from http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/crc\/files\/Protection_list.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1353\/nas.2005.0021","article-title":"Promoting child protection through community resources: Care arrangements for Ethiopian AIDS orphans","volume":"8","author":"Varnis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Northeast African Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008169","article-title":"A Comparison of the Wellbeing of Orphans and Abandoned Children Ages 6-12 in Institutional and Community-Based Care Settings in 5 Less Wealthy Nations","volume":"4","author":"Whetten","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20625","article-title":"More than the loss of a parent: Potentially traumatic events among orphaned and abandoned children","volume":"24","author":"Whetten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0260","unstructured":"World Health Organization & International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2006). Preventing Child Maltreatment: A guide to taking action and generating evidence. Retrieved August 23, 2011, from http:\/\/www.ispcan.org\/resource\/resmgr\/docs\/preventing_child_maltreatmen.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/0033-0124.5504005","article-title":"Fluid households, complex families: The impacts of children's migration as a response to HIV\/AIDS in southern Africa","volume":"55","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Professional Geographer"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213412002529?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213412002529?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,7]],"date-time":"2019-07-07T17:54:25Z","timestamp":1562522065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213412002529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0145213412002529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.10.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}}}