{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:03:44Z","timestamp":1793423024481,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T01:18:08Z","timestamp":1419297488000},"page":"18-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Hudson W.","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebeca","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Frozi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8657-8801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00edsa W.","family":"Bisol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gustavo L.","family":"Ottoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo R.","family":"Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.11.008","article-title":"Childhood adversity and personality disorders: Results from a nationally representative population-based study","volume":"45","author":"Afifi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20195","article-title":"Personality characteristics of adult survivors of childhood trauma","volume":"20","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.8.1132","article-title":"Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect","volume":"151","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141601","article-title":"Human research and data collection via the internet","volume":"55","author":"Birnbaum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300237","article-title":"Variations in maternal care alter GABA(A) receptor subunit expression in brain regions associated with fear","volume":"28","author":"Caldji","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.9.5335","article-title":"Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat","volume":"95","author":"Caldji","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029","article-title":"Child maltreatment","volume":"1","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.4.505","article-title":"Temperament as a unifying bases for personality and psychopathology","volume":"114","author":"Clark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90083-3","article-title":"Temperament and personality","volume":"4","author":"Cloninger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191803","article-title":"Personality antecedents of alcoholism in a national area probability sample","volume":"245","author":"Cloninger","year":"1995","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008","article-title":"A psychobiological model of temperament and character","volume":"50","author":"Cloninger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.60.2.174","article-title":"Effect of incest on self and social functioning: A developmental psychopathology perspective","volume":"60","author":"Cole","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.09.009","article-title":"Child maltreatment as a risk factor for opioid dependence: Comparison of family characteristics and type and severity of child maltreatment with a matched control group","volume":"33","author":"Conroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1086\/318641","article-title":"Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches","volume":"64","author":"Couper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Public Opinion Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1998.12.4.362","article-title":"Temperament, character, and personality disorders","volume":"12","author":"de la Rie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008","article-title":"The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0090","first-page":"204","article-title":"Personality dimensions in male patients with early-onset alcohol dependence who seek treatment","volume":"46","author":"Evren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Psychiatry Related Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.07.010","article-title":"The dynamic relationship of parental personality traits with the personality and psychopathology traits of anorectic and bulimic daughters","volume":"50","author":"Fassino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325050","article-title":"Temperament and character in eating disorders: Ten years of studies","volume":"9","author":"Fassino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021842","article-title":"Influence of early stress on social abilities and serotonergic functions across generations in mice","volume":"6","author":"Franklin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194732","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/194732","article-title":"Eating disorders and major depression: Role of anger and personality","volume":"2011","author":"Giovanni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depression Research and Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.11.007","article-title":"Validation and normative studies of the Brazilian Portuguese and American versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R)","volume":"124","author":"Goncalves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.59.2.93","article-title":"Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires","volume":"59","author":"Gosling","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102006000200010","article-title":"[Translation and content validation of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire into Portuguese language]","volume":"40","author":"Grassi-Oliveira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista de Saude Publica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.5.592","article-title":"Pituitary-adrenal and autonomic responses to stress in women after sexual and physical abuse in childhood","volume":"284","author":"Heim","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10101531","article-title":"Childhood trauma and psychosis: A case-control and case-sibling comparison across different levels of genetic liability, psychopathology, and type of trauma","volume":"168","author":"Heins","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431314","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/431314","article-title":"Personality profiles identify depressive symptoms over ten years? A population-based study","volume":"2011","author":"Josefsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depression Research and Treatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706009019","article-title":"Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort","volume":"37","author":"Koenen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2702.2008.02740.x","article-title":"Childhood trauma as a predictor of eating psychopathology and its mediating variables in patients with eating disorders","volume":"18","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.03.011","article-title":"Development and validity data of the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP)","volume":"141","author":"Lara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/77702","article-title":"Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5332.1659","article-title":"Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress","volume":"277","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0170","series-title":"Personality traits","author":"Mathews","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336126100","article-title":"Differential responses to psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma","volume":"100","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0180","first-page":"363","article-title":"[Personality factors in depressive disorders: Contribution of the psychobiologic model developed by Cloninger]","volume":"28","author":"Pelissolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00099-1","article-title":"Validation of a computerized version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) in psychiatric inpatients","volume":"72","author":"Pelissolo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.105.2.554-568","article-title":"Suicide risk and personality traits in physically and\/or sexually abused acute psychiatric inpatients: A preliminary study","volume":"105","author":"Pompili","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20495","article-title":"Self-reported early trauma as a predictor of adult personality: A study in a military sample","volume":"64","author":"Rademaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9143-2","article-title":"The BBC internet study: General methodology","volume":"36","author":"Reimers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2005.03.014","article-title":"High harm avoidance and low self-directedness in euthymic young adults with recurrent, early-onset depression","volume":"87","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2002.02196.x","article-title":"Temperament, character, and personality disorders: Etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues","volume":"106","author":"Svrakic","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinava"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240075009","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of personality disorders by the seven-factor model of temperament and character","volume":"50","author":"Svrakic","year":"1993","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0220","first-page":"83","article-title":"The relationship between traumatic childhood experiences and proclivities towards substance abuse, self-esteem and coping strategies","volume":"22","author":"Toker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Psichiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.07.001","article-title":"Childhood trauma in substance use disorder and depression: An analysis by gender among a Brazilian clinical sample","volume":"34","author":"Tucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5365.867","article-title":"Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: Increased reporting with computer survey technology","volume":"280","author":"Turner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2007.10.017","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder symptoms: Influence of maltreatment type","volume":"165","author":"Tyrka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.04.010","article-title":"Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress","volume":"31","author":"Vranceanu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1276","article-title":"Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior","volume":"7","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.816","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women: Psychosocial and neurobiological correlates","volume":"156","author":"Weiss","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.1.49","article-title":"A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up","volume":"64","author":"Widom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.04.009","article-title":"Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure","volume":"126","author":"Wingo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213414003469?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213414003469?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,26]],"date-time":"2018-09-26T15:54:01Z","timestamp":1537977241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213414003469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0145213414003469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childhood trauma is associated with maladaptive personality traits","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}