{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:17:50Z","timestamp":1781223470762,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,5]],"date-time":"2015-04-05T17:27:32Z","timestamp":1428254852000},"page":"8-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Posttraumatic stress avoidance symptoms as mediators in the development of alcohol use disorders after exposure to childhood sexual abuse in a Swiss community sample"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Vandeleur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wulf","family":"R\u00f6ssler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Castelao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Preisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladeta","family":"Ajdacic-Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"APA","year":"1994"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000235794.12794.8a","article-title":"Symptom improvement in co-occurring PTSD and alcohol dependence","volume":"194","author":"Back","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00156-9","article-title":"Diagnostic interview for genetic studies (DIGS): Inter-rater and test\u2013retest reliability of alcohol and drug diagnoses","volume":"65","author":"Berney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.016","article-title":"Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder with alcohol dependence among US adults: Results from National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"132","author":"Blanco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.66","article-title":"Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research","volume":"99","author":"Browne","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199712000-00023","article-title":"Traumas and other adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol abuse and dependence","volume":"36","author":"Clark","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00042-7","article-title":"Developmental traumatology: A contributory mechanism for alcohol and substance use disorders","volume":"27","author":"De Bellis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20259","article-title":"Lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients in Poland","volume":"20","author":"Dragan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002","article-title":"A diagnostic interview: The schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia","volume":"35","author":"Endicott","year":"1978","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00133-6","article-title":"PTSD as a mediator between childhood rape and alcohol use in adult women","volume":"22","author":"Epstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199610000-00024","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood: II. Psychiatric outcomes of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"35","author":"Fergusson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20852","article-title":"What is the association between traumatic life events and alcohol abuse\/dependence in people with and without PTSD? Findings from a nationally representative sample","volume":"28","author":"Fetzner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence","volume":"45","author":"Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1140","article-title":"Parental alcohol misuse and hazardous drinking among offspring in a general teenage population: Gender-specific findings from the Young-HUNT 3 study","volume":"13","author":"Haugland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-13-6","article-title":"Shared psychological characteristics that are linked to aggression between patients with Internet addiction and those with alcohol dependence","volume":"13","author":"Hwang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.03.023","article-title":"PTSD symptom clusters in relationship to alcohol misuse among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans seeking post-deployment VA health care","volume":"35","author":"Jakupcak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229709030550","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: A reconsideration and recent applications","volume":"4","author":"Khantzian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Harvard Review of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0090","series-title":"Interview diagnostique pour les \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques","author":"Leboyer","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02219716","article-title":"The reliability of the SADS-LA in a family study setting","volume":"241","author":"Leboyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20677","article-title":"The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"27","author":"Leeies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01347.x","article-title":"Child physical and sexual abuse: A comprehensive look at alcohol consumption patterns, consequences, and dependence from the National Alcohol Survey","volume":"35","author":"Lown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3901_4","article-title":"Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods","volume":"39","author":"Mackinnon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multivariate Behavioral Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0870-1","article-title":"The contribution of epidemiology to the study of traumatic stress","volume":"39","author":"McFarlane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.5.753","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"91","author":"Molnar","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1375\/bech.25.1.15","article-title":"Experiential avoidance in civilian war survivors with current versus recovered posttraurnatic stress disorder: A pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Morina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/01460860590950890","article-title":"The health impact of childhood trauma: An interdisciplinary review, 1997\u20132003","volume":"28","author":"Mulvihill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513504495","article-title":"Predictors of treatment completion in a sample of youth who have experienced physical or sexual trauma","volume":"29","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0140","series-title":"Mplus user's guide","author":"Muthen","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0145","first-page":"273","article-title":"The link between substance abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder in women. A research review","volume":"6","author":"Najavits","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American Journal on Addictions"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950110009002","article-title":"Diagnostic interview for genetic studies. Rationale, unique features, and training. NIMH genetics initiative","volume":"51","author":"Nurnberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.08.009","article-title":"Modeling associations between posttraumatic stress symptoms and substance use","volume":"35","author":"Ouimette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0762-3","article-title":"Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population","volume":"49","author":"Perrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-1849(05)80055-1","article-title":"Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse\u2014Theory and review of the empirical literature","volume":"4","author":"Polusny","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied & Preventive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1891\/vivi.19.1.109.33238","article-title":"Experimental avoidance as a mediator of the effects of adolescent sexual victimization on negative adult outcomes","volume":"19","author":"Polusny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-9","article-title":"The PsyCoLaus study: Methodology and characteristics of the sample of a population-based survey on psychiatric disorders and their association with genetic and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Preisig","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70381-6","article-title":"Histories of childhood trauma and complex post-traumatic sequelae in women with eating disorders","volume":"19","author":"Rorty","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v14n04_02","article-title":"Chronic avoidance helps explain the relationship between severity of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood","volume":"14","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294623","article-title":"Model modification","volume":"54","author":"Sorbom","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0195","series-title":"Stata statistical software (version release 12)","author":"StataCorp","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.2.219","article-title":"Unresolved attachment, PTSD, and dissociation in women with childhood abuse histories","volume":"74","author":"Stovall-McClough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2448","article-title":"Stress and coping mediate relationships between contingent and global self-esteem and alcohol-related problems among college drinkers","volume":"29","author":"Tomaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2013.11.016","article-title":"Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana dependence in Israel","volume":"55","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838004272543","article-title":"Mediators of the link between childhood sexual abuse and emotional distress: A critical review","volume":"6","author":"Whiffen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20177","article-title":"Childhood abuse and intake severity in alcohol disorder patients","volume":"19","author":"Zlotnick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213415000885?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213415000885?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T12:16:34Z","timestamp":1620994594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213415000885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0145213415000885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Posttraumatic stress avoidance symptoms as mediators in the development of alcohol use disorders after exposure to childhood sexual abuse in a Swiss community sample","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}