{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:18:33Z","timestamp":1793240313066,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000867","name":"Robert Wood Johnson Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000867","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,23]],"date-time":"2015-12-23T07:46:17Z","timestamp":1450856777000},"page":"135-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":300,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Household and community-level Adverse Childhood Experiences and adult health outcomes in a diverse urban population"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Roy","family":"Wade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.","family":"Cronholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel A.","family":"Fein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Forke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha B.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Harkins-Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee M.","family":"Pachter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan H.","family":"Bair-Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03500240084031","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in health: No easy solution","volume":"269","author":"Adler","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.21.2.60","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in health: Pathways and policies","volume":"21","author":"Adler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090852","article-title":"U.S. disparities in health: Descriptions, causes, and mechanisms","volume":"29","author":"Adler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.17.1652","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood","volume":"282","author":"Anda","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.125015","article-title":"A brief note on overlapping confidence intervals","volume":"36","author":"Austin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Vascular Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0030","series-title":"In 63rd annual conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, New Orleans","article-title":"Cell telephone response rates","author":"Barron","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00294.x","article-title":"How can I deal with missing data in my study?","volume":"25","author":"Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.00991.x","article-title":"Neighborhood and family influences on educational attainment: Results from the Ontario child health study follow-up 2001","volume":"78","author":"Boyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0045","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in access to health insurance and health care","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"UCLA Center for Health Policy Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2003.09.029","article-title":"Neighborhood playgrounds, fast food restaurants, and crime: Relationships to overweight in low-income preschool children","volume":"38","author":"Burdette","year":"2004","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0055","unstructured":"CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report MMWR Publications Supplements 2013. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/ind2013_su.html#HealthDisparities2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0060","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Injury Prevention & Control: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study \u2013 Family Health History and Health Appraisal questionnaires. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/violenceprevention\/acestudy\/questionnaires.html."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0065","first-page":"1594","article-title":"The relationship of internalized racism to body fat distribution and insulin resistance among African adolescent youth","volume":"96","author":"Chambers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05334.x","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health","volume":"1186","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.001","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity","volume":"49","author":"Cronholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.008","article-title":"The interrelatedness of multiple forms of childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"Dong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.015","article-title":"Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics","volume":"31","author":"DuMont","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00424-4","article-title":"Socio-economic status and the utilisation of physicians\u2019 services: Results from the Canadian National Population Health Survey","volume":"51","author":"Dunlop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine (1982)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.502","article-title":"Girls\u2019 perception of neighborhood factors on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI","volume":"15","author":"Evenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsn118","article-title":"Putting research in context: Understanding confidence intervals from one or more studies","volume":"34","author":"Finch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070083","article-title":"Polyvictimization and trauma in a national longitudinal cohort","volume":"19","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.420","article-title":"Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale","volume":"167","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e318193e7b5","article-title":"Interactions in epidemiology: Relevance, identification, and estimation","volume":"20","author":"Greenland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence","volume":"45","author":"Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12251","article-title":"The impact of neighborhood, family, and individual risk factors on toddlers\u2019 disruptive behavior","author":"Heberle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.75.1.3","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and mental illness: Tests of the social causation and selection hypotheses","volume":"75","author":"Hudson","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.3139","article-title":"The effects of poverty on childhood brain development: The mediating effect of caregiving and stressful life events","volume":"167","author":"Luby","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0145","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Weight status as a predictor of being bullied in third through sixth grades","author":"Lumeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05332.x","article-title":"Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? A progress report and blueprint for the future","volume":"1186","author":"Matthews","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxh001","article-title":"Socioeconomic position and major mental disorders","volume":"26","author":"Muntaner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiologic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2008.08.052","article-title":"The impact of episodic and chronic poverty on child cognitive development","volume":"154","author":"Najman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0165","unstructured":"Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Adult: Defining \u2013 DNPAO \u2013 CDC. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/obesity\/adult\/defining.html."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-006-9018-6","article-title":"A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0175","unstructured":"Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ojjdp.gov\/publications\/pubresults.asp?sei=94."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0180","series-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in an urban Latino community: A qualitative study","author":"Pachter","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5a","article-title":"Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Pachter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/13557850903383196","article-title":"Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY): Properties of a self-report instrument for research on children's health and development","volume":"15","author":"Pachter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.10.1143","article-title":"Are perceived neighborhood hazards a barrier to physical activity in children?","volume":"155","author":"Romero","year":"2001","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e298","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3412","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age of drinking onset: Results from a representative us sample of current or former drinkers","volume":"122","author":"Rothman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0205","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Measurement of socioeconomic status in health disparities research","volume":"99","author":"Shavers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181d9c2d8","article-title":"Access to medical care, dental care, and prescription drugs: The roles of race\/ethnicity, health insurance, and income","volume":"103","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Southern Medical Journal"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17302","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121259109","article-title":"Leveraging the biology of adversity to address the roots of disparities in health and development","volume":"109","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E232","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-2663","article-title":"The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress","volume":"129","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-007-9071-7","article-title":"A multilevel analysis of state and regional disparities in childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0230","series-title":"Epidemiology: Beyond the basics","author":"Szklo","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0235","unstructured":"UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. CHIS Questionnaires. Retrieved from http:\/\/healthpolicy.ucla.edu\/chis\/design\/Pages\/questionnairesEnglish.aspx."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818f69e7","article-title":"Sufficient cause interactions and statistical interactions","volume":"20","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2475","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth","volume":"134","author":"Wade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/15332640.2014.883581","article-title":"Younger versus older African Americans: Patterns and prevalence of recent illicit drug use","volume":"13","author":"Whitehead","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021_bib0255","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/activities\/adverse_childhood_experiences\/en\/."}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213415004524?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213415004524?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T12:18:36Z","timestamp":1620994716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213415004524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0145213415004524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Household and community-level Adverse Childhood Experiences and adult health outcomes in a diverse urban population","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.11.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}