{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1793422544681,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488326400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Gender & Health","award":["TE3-138302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TE3-138302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,18]],"date-time":"2017-01-18T19:45:17Z","timestamp":1484768717000},"page":"14-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Boys are not exempt: Sexual exploitation of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Jones K.","family":"Adjei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Saewyc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0005","series-title":"Adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Ghana: Results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents. Occasional report, No . 22","author":"Awusabo-Asare","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008","article-title":"Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women","volume":"27","author":"Briere","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0015","series-title":"Methodological issues in AIDS mental health research","first-page":"133","article-title":"Response bias in surveys of AIDS-related sexual behavior","author":"Catania","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdp126","article-title":"Survival sex work involvement among street-involved youth who use drugs in a Canadian setting","volume":"32","author":"Chettiar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.01.015","article-title":"Long term consequences of childhood sexual abuse by gender of victim","volume":"28","author":"Dube","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventative Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0030","first-page":"2017","article-title":"Perpetration of partner violence and HIV risk behavior among young men in the rural Eastern Cape","volume":"20","author":"Dunkle","year":"2006","journal-title":"South Africa.AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.04.029","article-title":"Transactional sex with casual and main partners among young South African men in the rural Eastern Cape: Prevalence, predictors, and associations with gender-based violence","volume":"65","author":"Dunkle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.04.016","article-title":"Assessing exploitation experiences of girls and boys seen at a Child Advocacy Center","volume":"46","author":"Edinburgh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020693","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of exchanging sex for drugs or money among adolescents in the United States","volume":"82","author":"Edward","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00039-2","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviours and sexual revictimization","volume":"21","author":"Fergusson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0055","series-title":"World Bank Policy research working paper No. 1994","article-title":"Estimating wealth effect without expenditure data or tears: An application to educational enrollments in states of India","author":"Filmer","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.21.5.325","article-title":"Early and long term effects of child sexual abuse: An update","volume":"21","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Professional Psychology: Research and Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0065","series-title":"Innocenti working paper No. 2010-02","article-title":"Sexual abuse and exploitation of boys in South Asia \u2212 A review of research findings, legislation, policy and programme pesponses","author":"Frederick","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-012-9580-2","article-title":"Adolescent sexual risk-taking in the informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: Understanding the contributions of religion","volume":"53","author":"Gyimah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Religion & Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2013.737443","article-title":"The illusions and juxtapositions of commercial sexual exploitation among young women: Identifying effective street-outreach strategies","volume":"22","author":"Holger-Ambrose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0080","first-page":"41","article-title":"A profile of high school students in rural Canada who exchange sex for substances","volume":"21","author":"Homma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/00020180220140091","article-title":"The materiality of everyday sex: Thinking beyond \u2018prostitution\u2019","volume":"61","author":"Hunter","year":"2002","journal-title":"African Studies"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050410001680492","article-title":"\u2018Bus fare please\u201d: The economics of sex and gifts among young people in urban South Africa","volume":"6","author":"Kaufman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Culture, Health and Sexuality"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2307\/25549738","article-title":"Perceptions of risk to HIV infection among adolescents in Uganda: Are they related to sexual behavior?","volume":"11","author":"Kibombo","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2307\/3583175","article-title":"Young people\u2019s relationships with sugar daddies and sugar mummies: What do we know and what do we need to know?","volume":"8","author":"Kuate-Defo","year":"2004","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2307\/25549736","article-title":"Influence of social connectedness, communication and monitoring on adolescent sexual activity in Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Kumi-Kyereme","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-010-9605-4","article-title":"Buying and selling sex in Qu\u00e9bec adolescents: A study of risk and protective factors","volume":"39","author":"Lavoie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0115","series-title":"Regression models for categorical and limited dependent variables: Advanced quantitative techniques in the social sciences. Number 7","author":"Long","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x","article-title":"Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"34","author":"Luke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050903471441","article-title":"\u2018I just need to be flashy on campus\u2019: female students and transactional sex at a university in Zimbabwe","volume":"12","author":"Masvawure","year":"2010","journal-title":"Culture Health Sexuality Int. J. Res. Intervention Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0130","series-title":"BREAD working paper No. 042","article-title":"Measure inequality with asset indicators","author":"McKenzie","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509349443","article-title":"Conceptualizing juvenile prostitution as child maltreatment: Findings from the National Juvenile Prostitution Study","volume":"15","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0140","series-title":"A paper presented at the picturing wellness conference","first-page":"2016","article-title":"Health outcomes of sexually exploited boys globally","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2307\/25549731","article-title":"Prevalence and meanings of exchange of money or gifts for sex in unmarried adolescent sexual relationships in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0150","first-page":"127","article-title":"The United Nations responses to the sexual abuse and exploitation of women and girls by peacekeepers during peacekeeping missions","volume":"27","author":"Ndulo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of International Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2010.494776","article-title":"\u2018You still need to give her a token of appreciation\u2019: The meaning of the exchange of money in the sexual relationships of out-of-school adolescents in rural southwest Uganda","volume":"47","author":"Nobelius","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0160","series-title":"Tradition and change in Ghana: an introduction to sociology","author":"Nukunya","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0165","unstructured":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1989. Convention of the Rights of the Child (2003), http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/law\/pdf\/crc.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0170","series-title":"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography","author":"Office of the High Commission on Human Rights","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00015-1","article-title":"Children and adolescents who sell sex: A community study","volume":"56","author":"Pedersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01483.x","article-title":"A community-based study to examine the effect of a youth HIV prevention intervention on young people aged 15\u201324 in South Africa: Results of the baseline survey","volume":"10","author":"Pettifor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and International Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0185","first-page":"ii49","article-title":"A bit more truthful: The validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural northern Tanzania using five methods","author":"Plummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-1849(05)80055-1","article-title":"Long-term correlates of child sexual abuse: Theory and review of the empirical literature","volume":"4","author":"Polusny","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied and Preventative Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0195","series-title":"It\u2019s not what you think: Sexually exploited youth in British Columbia","author":"Saewyc","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0200","series-title":"Youth homelessness in Canada: Implications for policy and practice","first-page":"147","article-title":"Which comes first: Sexual exploitation or other risk exposures among street-involved youth?","author":"Saewyc","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.05.002","article-title":"What about the boys? The importance of including boys and young men in sexual and reproductive health research","volume":"51","author":"Saewyc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"Suppl. (3)","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0210","first-page":"113","article-title":"Drug use, street survival, and risk behaviors among street children in Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"82","author":"Sherman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00299-9","article-title":"Adolescent girls, illegal abortions and \u2018sugar daddies\u2019 in Dar es Salaam: Vulnerable victims and active social agents","volume":"52","author":"Silberschmidt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2307\/2648286","article-title":"Gender differences in the timing of first intercourse: Data from 14 countries","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Family Planning Perspectives"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0225","first-page":"309","article-title":"A methodological analysis of the sexual behavior questions on the General Social Surveys","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.10.015","article-title":"The association between childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and proxies for sexual risk behavior: A random sample of the general population of Sweden","volume":"29","author":"Steel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9083-x","article-title":"Selling sex in a population-based study of high school seniors in Sweden: Demographic and psychosocial correlates","volume":"36","author":"Svedin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0240","first-page":"1","article-title":"Household living arrangements and transition to sexual debut among young people in Ghana. Sex Education: Sexuality","volume":"15","author":"Tenkorang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Society and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0245","series-title":"Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and child sexual abuse (CSA) in the pacific: A regional report","author":"UNICEF","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0250","series-title":"Adoption of a Convention on the rights of the child","author":"United Nations General Assembly","year":"1989"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2010.501916","article-title":"Correlates of engaging in survival sex among homeless youth and young adults","volume":"48","author":"Walls","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"Suppl. II","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001_bib0260","first-page":"ii28","article-title":"Age at first sex: Understanding recent trends in African demographic surveys","volume":"80","author":"Zaba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417300017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417300017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T01:22:34Z","timestamp":1536110554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213417300017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0145213417300017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Boys are not exempt: Sexual exploitation of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.01.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}