{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:01:13Z","timestamp":1773889273080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council","award":["#950-231186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#950-231186"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]],"date-time":"2017-03-01T14:32:13Z","timestamp":1488378733000},"page":"32-43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Defining reasonable force: Does it advance child protection?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Durrant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0005","unstructured":"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 1982. Retrieved August 15, 2016, from www.efc.ca\/pages\/law\/charter\/charter.text.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0010","unstructured":"Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General), 146C.C.C. (3d) 362 (S.C.J.) (2000)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0015","unstructured":"Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General), 161C.C.C. (3d) 178 (Ont.C.A.) (2002)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0020","unstructured":"Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General), 1 S.C.R. 76, 2004 SCC 4 (2004)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/026975800501200205","article-title":"The constitutional validity of the corporal punishment defence in Canada: a critical analysis of Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law versus Canada","volume":"12","author":"Carter","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Review of Victimology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0030","series-title":"La violence familiale dans la vie des enfants du Qu\u00e9bec 1999","author":"Cl\u00e9ment","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0035","series-title":"General comment No. 8: the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment","author":"Committee on the Rights of the Child","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.02.027","article-title":"Injury in the first year of life: Risk factors and solutions for high-risk families","volume":"133","author":"Crandall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0045","unstructured":"Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c C-46."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(90)90005-E","article-title":"Some factors influencing abusers\u2019 justification of their child abuse","volume":"14","author":"Dietrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770802610640","article-title":"Protection of children from physical maltreatment in Canada: An evaluation of the Supreme Court\u2019s definition of reasonable force","volume":"18","author":"Durrant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0060","series-title":"Children\u2019s Rights in Canada: A Question of Commitment","first-page":"99","article-title":"Corporal punishment: A violation of the rights of the child","author":"Durrant","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0065","article-title":"Ontario Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect-2013 (OIS-2013)","author":"Fallon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toronto, ON : Child Welfare Research Portal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191","article-title":"Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0075","series-title":"Violence against children: Physical child abuse in the United States","author":"Gil","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0080","first-page":"463","article-title":"The unconstitutionality of Section 43 of the Criminal Code: Children\u2019s right to be protected from physical assault, Part II","volume":"41","author":"Greene","year":"1999","journal-title":"Criminal Law Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0085","first-page":"s1","article-title":"Negating the child\u2019s inclusive right to security of the person: A charter analysis of the S. 43 Canadian Criminal Code defense to corporal punishment of a minor","volume":"10","author":"Grover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0090","series-title":"Cruel but not unusual: Violence in Canadian families","first-page":"91","article-title":"Child corporal punishment: Violence, rights and law","author":"McGillivray","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0095","series-title":"Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Final report","author":"Trocm\u00e9","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0100","series-title":"Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect-2003: Major findings","author":"Trocm\u00e9","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0105","series-title":"Something to cry about: An argument against corporal punishment of children in Canada","author":"Turner","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0110","series-title":"Convention on the Rights of the Child UN Document A\/RES\/44\/25","author":"United Nations General Assembly","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872806065329","article-title":"Supreme Court of Canada stands behind corporal punishment\u2013sort of","volume":"49","author":"Watkinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.06.031","article-title":"Speak softly-and forget the stick. Corporal punishment and child physical abuse","volume":"35","author":"Zolotor","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417300583?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417300583?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]],"date-time":"2018-06-28T14:26:18Z","timestamp":1530195978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213417300583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["S0145213417300583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Defining reasonable force: Does it advance child protection?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}