{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:54:55Z","timestamp":1792785295125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Konstanz and vivo international","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0546hnb39","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,4]],"date-time":"2017-11-04T02:47:21Z","timestamp":1509763641000},"page":"173-183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Teachers\u2019 stress intensifies violent disciplining in Tanzanian secondary schools"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Hecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Goessmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mabula","family":"Nkuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharin","family":"Hermenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0005","series-title":"Memory: Making peace with a violent past","first-page":"14","article-title":"Spare the rod, save the child","author":"Anbarasan","year":"1999"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leaqua.2010.10.010","article-title":"On making causal claims: A review and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Antonakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Leadership Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0015","series-title":"Too often in silence: A report on school-based violence in West and Central Africa","author":"Antonowicz","year":"2010"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between demographics, self efficacy, and burnout among teachers","volume":"10","author":"B\u00fcmen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurasian Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.2307\/1129836","article-title":"The determinants of parenting: A process model","volume":"55","author":"Belsky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0030","series-title":"Teacher Motivation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia","author":"Bennell","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.019364","article-title":"Burnout as a predictor of self-reported sickness absence among human service workers: Prospective findings from three year follow up of the PUMA study","volume":"63","author":"Borritz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0040","first-page":"240","article-title":"Teachers\u2019 career stages and patterns of attitudes toward teaching behaviors","volume":"105","author":"Burke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0045","series-title":"Structuaral equation modeling with AMOS","author":"Byrne","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.01.009","article-title":"Student victimization by teachers in Taiwan: Prevalence and associations","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e378","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00060-1","article-title":"The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Devries","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-010-9169-5","article-title":"Corporal punishment in Tanzania\u2019s schools","volume":"56","author":"Feinstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Review of Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20019","article-title":"Impact of exposure to violence in school on child and adolescent mental health and behavior","volume":"32","author":"Flannery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/mbe.12026","article-title":"Mindfulness for teachers: A pilot study to assess effects on stress, burnout and teaching efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Flook","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mind, Brain, and Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0907568209349314","article-title":"The care of corporal punishment: Conceptions of early childhood discipline strategies among parents and grandparents in a poor and urban area in Tanzania","volume":"17","author":"Frankenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Childhood: A Global Journal of Child Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.1992.9941824","article-title":"Professional self-concept as a predictor of teacher burnout","volume":"86","author":"Friedman","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0090","series-title":"Ending Corporal Punishment and other cruel and degrading punishment of children through law reform and social change. Campaigns Manual","author":"Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children (GIEACPC) & Save the Children Sweden","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0095","series-title":"Ending legalised violence against children","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0100","series-title":"Corporal punishment of children in the United Republic of Tanzania","author":"Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children [GIEACPC]","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2016.1271955","article-title":"School corporal punishment in global perspective: Prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention","volume":"22","author":"Gershoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychology, Health & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0110","series-title":"Corporal punishment of children: Summaries of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years \u2013 Africa","author":"Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(03)00042-9","article-title":"Corporal punishment in schools: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine","volume":"32","author":"Greydanus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/00131910120110839","article-title":"Schooling as violence: An exploratory overview","volume":"54","author":"Harber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Educational Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.11.007","article-title":"Corporal punishment and children\u2019s externalizing problems: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school students","volume":"38","author":"Hecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-0828-3","article-title":"Harsh discipline relates to internalizing problems and cognitive functioning: Findings from a cross-sectional study with school children in Tanzania","volume":"16","author":"Hecker","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00937","article-title":"Improving care quality and preventing maltreatment in institutional care \u2013 A feasibility study with caregivers","volume":"6","author":"Hermenau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0145","series-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma.Advance Online Publication","article-title":"Interaction competencies with children: A prevention training to reduce corporal punishment by teachers \u2013 A pilot feasibility study in Tanzania","author":"Kaltenbach","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.12.003","article-title":"Student victimization by educational staff in Israel","volume":"30","author":"Khoury-Kassabri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2009.04.002","article-title":"Work-related stress and work ability among Croatian university hospital midwives","volume":"27","author":"Knezevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379950019789","article-title":"Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers","volume":"13","author":"Kop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/02678370500297720","article-title":"The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout","volume":"19","author":"Kristensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/00131910120033628","article-title":"Teacher stress: Directions for future research","volume":"53","author":"Kyriacou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educational Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tate.2004.07.002","article-title":"Exploring burnout among university faculty: Incidence, performance, and demographic issues","volume":"20","author":"Lackritz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Teaching and Teacher Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.04.005","article-title":"Parental agreement of reporting parent to child aggression using the Conflict Tactics Scales","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_1","article-title":"To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits","volume":"9","author":"Little","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v37i1.1008","article-title":"Burnout amongst urban secondary school teachers in Namibia","volume":"37","author":"Louw","year":"2011","journal-title":"SA Journal of Industrial Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-009-9533-7","article-title":"An exploration of the burnout situation on teachers in two schools in Macau","volume":"95","author":"Luk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-007-9229-9","article-title":"Burnout and wellbeing: Testing the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory in New Zealand teachers","volume":"89","author":"Milfont","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2307\/4126479","article-title":"A meta-analysis for exploring the diverse causes and effects of stress in teachers","volume":"28","author":"Montgomery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Education\/Revue Canadienne de L\u2019\u00e9ducation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0210","series-title":"Violence against children: The voices of Ugandan children and adults","author":"Naker","year":"2005"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0215","first-page":"160","article-title":"Is it not now? School counselors\u2019 training in Tanzania secondary schools","volume":"6","author":"Nkuba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Education and Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0220","first-page":"766","article-title":"An integrating approach to the study of burnout in university professors","volume":"20","author":"Otero-L\u00f3pez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0225","series-title":"Stop violence against girls in school: A cross-country analysis of baseline research from Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique","author":"Parkes","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0230","series-title":"World report on violence against children. An United Nations Children\u2019s Fund\u2019s report","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440108405523","article-title":"Introduction to special issue on burnout and health","volume":"16","author":"Schaufeli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychology & Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3200\/JOER.99.6.323-338","article-title":"Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review","volume":"99","author":"Schreiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671-015-0422-7","article-title":"Improving teacher awareness and well-being through CARE: A qualitative analysis of the underlying mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Schussler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mindfulness"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1027\/0269-8803.22.1.58","article-title":"The role of gender in teachers\u2019 perceived stress and heart rate","volume":"22","author":"Serrano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0255","series-title":"Out of the darkness. Contemporary research perspectives on family violence","article-title":"Measuring physical & psychological maltreatment of children with the Conflict Tactics Scales","author":"Straus","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0798(199822)16:3<353::AID-BSL313>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Impulsive corporal punishment by mothers and antisocial behavior and impulsiveness of children","volume":"16","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behavioral Sciences & the Law"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0270","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence, societal causes, and trends in corporal punishment by parents in world perspective","volume":"31","author":"Straus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law and Contemporary Problems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0275","series-title":"Public schools to continue using corporal punishment","author":"Tanzania Daily News","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0280","unstructured":"UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 2007. General Comment No. 8 (2006): The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment (Arts. 19; 28, Para. 2; and 37, inter alia). CRC\/C\/GC\/8."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0285","unstructured":"UN General Assembly. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child (Treaty Series). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6b38f0.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0290","series-title":"Hidden in plain sight \u2013 A statistical analysis of violence against children","author":"UNICEF","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0295","unstructured":"United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Author."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0300","series-title":"Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania (BEST). National Data","author":"United Republic of Tanzania","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1086\/667395","article-title":"Comparative pedagogies and epistemological diversity: Social and materials contexts of teaching in Tanzania","volume":"56","author":"Vavrus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comparative Education Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1086\/682902","article-title":"Cumulative risk and teacher well-being in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"59","author":"Wolf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comparative Education Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5296\/jse.v3i4.4167","article-title":"Disciplinary networks in secondary schools: Policy dimensions and children\u2019s rights in Tanzania","volume":"3","author":"Yaghambe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Studies in Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/car.1131","article-title":"Bans against corporal punishment: A systematic review of the laws, changes in attitudes and behaviours","volume":"19","author":"Zolotor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417304131?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213417304131?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T14:37:26Z","timestamp":1575643046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213417304131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["S0145213417304131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Teachers\u2019 stress intensifies violent disciplining in Tanzanian secondary schools","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.019","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}