{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T21:14:33Z","timestamp":1792876473651,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,8]],"date-time":"2019-01-08T19:23:38Z","timestamp":1546975418000},"page":"48-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Explaining the links between child marriage and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Eric Y.","family":"Tenkorang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1363\/3900613","article-title":"Early marriage, marital relations and intimate partner violence in Ethiopia","author":"Erulkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0010","series-title":"Ghana demographic and health survey 2008","author":"Ghana Statistical Service","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.01.021","article-title":"Association between child marriage and reproductive health outcomes and service utilization: A multi-country study from South Asia","volume":"52","author":"Godha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0020","unstructured":"Government of Ghana (n.d). The Children\u2019s Art, 1998 (Act 560). Retrieved from the UNESCO website at http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/education\/edurights\/media\/docs\/f7a7a002205e07fbf119bc00c8bd3208a438b37f.pdf on January 3, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.26.1.441","article-title":"Multilevel modeling for binary data","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0030","first-page":"501","article-title":"Understanding women\u2019s attitudes towards wife beating in Zimbabwe","volume":"81","author":"Hindin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0035","series-title":"Domestic violence in Ghana: Incidence, attitudes, determinants and consequences","author":"Institute of Development Studies, Ghana Statistical Service [GSS] and Associates","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002650","article-title":"Confounding: What it is and how to deal with it","volume":"73","author":"Jager","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0045","series-title":"New insights on preventing child marriage a global analysis of factors and programs","author":"Jain","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2001.00687.x","article-title":"Women\u2019s autonomy in India and Pakistan: The influence of religion and region","volume":"27","author":"Jejeebhoy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00066","article-title":"Married women\u2019s justification of intimate partner violence in Bangladesh: Examining community norm and individual-level risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Jesmin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"9315","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5","article-title":"Intimate partner violence: Causes and prevention","volume":"359","author":"Jewkes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"9734","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60548-X","article-title":"Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: A cohort study","volume":"376","author":"Jewkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.10.018","article-title":"The relationship between parental presence and child sexual violence: Evidence from thirteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"51","author":"Kidman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3138\/jcfs.39.4.557","article-title":"Intimate partner violence (IPV) in Zambia: An examination of risk factors and gender perceptions","volume":"39","author":"Klomegah","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Family Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/padr.12035","article-title":"Has child marriage declined in sub-Saharan Africa? An analysis of trends in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"43","author":"Koski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Population and Development Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0085","series-title":"National strategic framework on ending child marriage in Ghana 2017\u20132026","author":"Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihw047","article-title":"Child marriage and women\u2019s attitude towards wife beating in a nationally representative sample of currently married adolescent and young women in Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Nasrullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-013-1269-y","article-title":"Girl child marriage and its effect on fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006\u20132007","volume":"18","author":"Nasrullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maternal and Child Health Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.06.013","article-title":"Child marriage and its associations with controlling behaviors and spousal violence against adolescent and young women in Pakistan","volume":"55","author":"Nasrullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060510","article-title":"Health consequences of child marriage in Africa","volume":"12","author":"Nour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0110","first-page":"51","article-title":"Child marriage: A silent health and human rights issue","volume":"2","author":"Nour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515596147","article-title":"Domestic and marital violence among three ethnic groups in Nigeria","volume":"32","author":"Nwabunike","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0120","series-title":"Constitution of the Republic of Ghana (Amendment) Act, 1996 Act 527","author":"Parliament of the Republic of Ghana","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295939","article-title":"Generalized multilevel structural equation modeling","volume":"69","author":"Rabe-Hesketh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.178707","article-title":"When the mother is a child: The impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls","volume":"95","author":"Raj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510385125","article-title":"ACASI and face-to-face interviews yield inconsistent estimates of domestic violence among women in India: the Samata Health Study 2005-2009","volume":"26","author":"Rathod","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0140","first-page":"767","article-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data methods, 2019analysis methods","volume":"98","author":"Raudenbush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00031","article-title":"Kin group affiliation and marital violence against women in Ghana","volume":"31","author":"Sedziafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510372947","article-title":"Association between early marriage and intimate partner violence in India: A focus on youth from Bihar and Rajasthan","volume":"26","author":"Speizer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"80","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research priorities on ending child marriage and supporting married girls","volume":"12","author":"Svanemyr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproductive Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.060","article-title":"Ebola-related stigma in Ghana: Individual and community level determinants","volume":"182","author":"Tenkorang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-013-9543-8","article-title":"Factors influencing domestic and marital violence against women in Ghana","volume":"28","author":"Tenkorang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0170","unstructured":"The Criminal code, 1960 (Act 29). (n.d). Retrieved from the WIPO website at http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/edocs\/lexdocs\/laws\/en\/gh\/gh010en.pdf on January 3, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0175","series-title":"Early Marriage: A Harmful Traditional Practice","author":"UNICEF","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0180","series-title":"Ending child marriage: Progress and prospects","author":"UNICEF","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0185","series-title":"Achieving a future without child marriage: Focus on West and Central Africa","author":"UNICEF","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0190","series-title":"Ending child marriage: How elevating the status of girls advances US foreign policy objectives","author":"Vogelstein","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0195","first-page":"231","article-title":"Early marriage in Africa \u2014 Trends, harmful effects and interventions","volume":"16","author":"Walker","year":"2012","journal-title":"African Journal of Reproductive Health\/La Revue Africaine De La Sant\u00e9 Reproductive"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004_bib0200","series-title":"Putting women first: Ethical and safety recommendations for research on domestic violence against women","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419300080?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419300080?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:09:07Z","timestamp":1758935347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213419300080"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0145213419300080"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Explaining the links between child marriage and intimate partner violence: Evidence from Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.01.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}