{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1790949100741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005289","name":"National Institute of Justice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005302","name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005302","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T16:03:41Z","timestamp":1557245021000},"page":"103-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Forensic medical results and law enforcement actions following sexual assault: A comparison of child, adolescent and adult cases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Theodore P.","family":"Cross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaddeus","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(00)00068-4","article-title":"Predicting type of sexual assault case closure from victim, suspect, and case characteristics","volume":"28","author":"Bouffard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/15374410701279701","article-title":"Sexual assault disclosure in relation to adolescent mental health: Results from the National Survey of Adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Broman-Fulks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2017.1336504","article-title":"Comparing female- and male-perpetrated child sexual abuse: A mixed-methods analysis","volume":"26","author":"Burgess-Proctor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sex Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-011-9485-3","article-title":"Adolescent sexual assault victims and the legal system: Building community relationships to improve prosecution rates","volume":"50","author":"Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0b013e31828badfa","article-title":"With care and compassion: Adolescent sexual assault victims\u2019 experiences in sexual assault nurse examiner programs","volume":"9","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0030","series-title":"The Detroit Sexual Assault kit (SAK) Action Research Project (ARP), final report. Updated. NCJRS document No.: 248680","author":"Campbell","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215584071","article-title":"Pathways to help: Adolescent sexual assault victims\u2019 disclosure and help-seeking experiences","volume":"21","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0040","first-page":"44","article-title":"Factors that correlate with injury sustained by survivors of sexual assault","volume":"70","author":"Cartwright","year":"1987","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.21.5.629","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence: A cohort analysis","volume":"21","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.100","article-title":"Forensic evidence findings in prepubertal victims of sexual assault","volume":"106","author":"Christian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0055","article-title":"Biological evidence in adult and adolescent sexual assault cases: Timing and relationship to arrest","author":"Cross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0060","series-title":"Forensic evidence and criminal justice outcomes in a statewide sample of sexual assault cases. Final report. NCJRS","author":"Cross","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/68.6.740","article-title":"Identification of semen in 500 patients seen because of rape","volume":"68","author":"Dahlke","year":"1977","journal-title":"American Journal of Clinical Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0070","article-title":"Big boys don\u2019t cry: A critical interpretive synthesis of male sexual victimization","author":"Depraetere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0075","unstructured":"Federal Bureau of Investigation (n.d.). Frequently asked questions (FAQs) on the CODIS Program and the National DNA Index System. Website. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fbi.gov\/about-us\/lab\/biometric-analysis\/codis\/codis-and-ndis-fact-sheet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence","volume":"55","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854802239161","article-title":"Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women","volume":"30","author":"Fisher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2016.05.001","article-title":"Genital findings in cases of child sexual abuse: Genital vs. vaginal penetration","volume":"29","author":"Gallion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0095","first-page":"138","article-title":"Biological and DNA evidence in 1000 sexual assault cases","volume":"2","author":"Gingras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3037","article-title":"Collection of forensic evidence from pediatric victims of sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Girardet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21744","article-title":"Nobody deserves this: Adolescent sexual assault victims\u2019 perceptions of disbelief and victim blame from police","volume":"44","author":"Greeson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559503257087","article-title":"Correlates of adolescent reports of sexual assault: Findings from the national survey of adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Hanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0115","series-title":"Study of reported rapes in Victoria 2000\u20132003","author":"Heenan","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128707308977","article-title":"Examining charging agreement between police and prosecutors in rape cases","volume":"56","author":"Holleran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1028-4559(10)60035-6","article-title":"Analysis of cases of sexual assault presenting at a medical center in Taipei","volume":"49","author":"Hwa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Taiwan Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0130","unstructured":"International Association of Chiefs of Police (n.d.). Sexual Assault Incident Reports: Investigative Strategies. Alexandria, VA: IACP. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theiacp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/all\/s\/SexualAssaultGuidelines.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.8.872","article-title":"Comparative analysis of adult versus adolescent sexual assault: Epidemiology and patterns of anogenital injury","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.02.002","article-title":"Heterogeneity of existing research relating to sexual violence, sexual assault and rape precludes meta-analysis of injury data","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13697","article-title":"Statistical modeling of the case information from the Ohio attorney general\u2019s sexual assault kit testing initiative","volume":"63","author":"Kerka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31829a0f46","article-title":"Factors that influence the variability in findings of anogenital injury in adolescent\/adult sexual assault victims: A review of the forensic literature","volume":"34","author":"Laitinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2009.01065.x","article-title":"Expanding evidence collection time: Is it time to move beyond the 72 hour rule? How do we decide?","volume":"6","author":"Ledray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Nursing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0160","series-title":"An epidemiologic study of the influence of victim age and relationship to the suspect on the results of evidentiary examinations and law enforcement outcomes in cases of reported sexual assault [thesis]","author":"Lindsay","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210387747","article-title":"False allegations of sexual assault: An analysis of ten years of reported cases","volume":"16","author":"Lisak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510910937175","article-title":"Police organizational structure and child sexual abuse case attrition","volume":"32","author":"Maguire","year":"2009","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.10.005","article-title":"Injury in adult female sexual assault complainants and related factors","volume":"142","author":"Maguire","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-010-0535-4","article-title":"Y-STR DNA analysis of 154 female child sexual assault cases in the Philippines","volume":"125","author":"Maiquilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2013.830665","article-title":"The seven pillars of quality care in a statewide pediatric sexual assault nurse examiner program","volume":"22","author":"Meunier-Sham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.02.008","article-title":"Age differences among victims of sexual assault: A comparison between children, adolescents and adults","volume":"20","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(95)00097-C","article-title":"Adolescent victims of sexual assault","volume":"17","author":"Muram","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0200","series-title":"NCA statistics \u2013 Statistical report 2017","author":"National Children\u2019s Alliance","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0205","series-title":"Statutory rape laws by state","author":"Norman-Eady","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1071\/SH03004","article-title":"Genital injuries in women reporting sexual assault","volume":"1","author":"Palmer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sexual Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.11.002","article-title":"Urgent medical assessment after child sexual abuse","volume":"30","author":"Palusci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260510362889","article-title":"The linkage between secondary victimization by law enforcement and rape case outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Patterson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0225","first-page":"867","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent sexual assault","volume":"84","author":"Peipert","year":"1994","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0230","series-title":"Sexual assault kit backlog study. NCJRS document no.: 238500. Final report","author":"Peterson","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgyn.2007.04.008","article-title":"Les victimes d\u2019abus sexuels: \u00e9l\u00e9ments m\u00e9dicol\u00e9gaux et suites judiciaires (analyse de 756 cas) [sexual assault: Medicolegal findings and legal outcomes (analysis of 756 cases)]","volume":"36","author":"Saint-Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal de Gyn\u00e9cologie Obst\u00e9trique et Biologie de la Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.10.006","article-title":"Anogenital findings in 3569 pediatric examinations for sexual abuse\/assault","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0245","series-title":"Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics","author":"Snyder","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0250","series-title":"Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 National report","author":"Snyder","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801212440020","article-title":"The criminal justice system\u2019s response to sexual violence","volume":"18","author":"Spohn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0260","article-title":"Sexual assault case outcomes: Disentangling the overlapping decisions of police and prosecutors","author":"Spohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Justice Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/lasr.12060","article-title":"Unfounding sexual assault: Examining the decision to unfound and identifying false reports","volume":"48","author":"Spohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Law & Society Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00912-8","article-title":"Physical injury after sexual assault: Findings of a large case series","volume":"190","author":"Sugar","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X97028003001","article-title":"Street life: Aggravated and sexual assaults among homeless and runaway adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Terrell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Youth & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3498","article-title":"Forensic evidence collection and DNA identification in acute child sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Thackeray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.26.6.816","article-title":"The influence of running away on the risk of female sexual assault in the subsequent year","volume":"26","author":"Thrane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0290","series-title":"A national protocol for sexual assault medical forensic examinations: Adults\/adolescents","author":"United States Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0295","series-title":"Unsubmitted sexual assault kits in Houston, TX: Case characteristics, forensic testing results, and the investigation of CODIS hits. Final report. NCJRS 249812","author":"Wells","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.160.6.585","article-title":"Forensic laboratory evidence in sexually abused children and adolescents","volume":"160","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.08.001","article-title":"Sexual assault and general body injuries: A detailed cross-sectional Australian study of 1163 women","volume":"279","author":"Zilkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419301565?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419301565?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:09:49Z","timestamp":1758935389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213419301565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0145213419301565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Forensic medical results and law enforcement actions following sexual assault: A comparison of child, adolescent and adult cases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.04.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}