{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:22:47Z","timestamp":1790864567781,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,6]],"date-time":"2020-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591401600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":310,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DA023026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA023026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05DA15226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05DA15226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA016903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA016903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S184U30002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S184U30002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH48043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH48043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05MH01027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05MH01027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R18 MH50953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R18 MH50953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K05MH00797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K05MH00797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]],"date-time":"2019-06-07T13:34:35Z","timestamp":1559914475000},"page":"104020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Distinguishing between demographic and contextual factors linked to early childhood physical discipline and physical maltreatment among Black families"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1561-9354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith C.","family":"Scott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen E.","family":"Pinderhughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","article-title":"Factor analysis and AIC","volume":"52","author":"Akaike","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2014.955104","article-title":"Robustness of stepwise latent class modeling with continuous distal outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Bakk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.02.006","article-title":"Income, family characteristics, and physical violence toward children","volume":"29","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst084","article-title":"An introduction to latent variable mixture modeling (part 1): Overview and cross-sectional latent class and latent profile analyses","volume":"39","author":"Berlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01341.x","article-title":"Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African-American, and Mexican American toddlers","volume":"80","author":"Berlin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2010.03.008","article-title":"Love, discipline and elementary school achievement: The role of family emotional climate","volume":"39","author":"Bodovski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1086\/671929","article-title":"The effect of additional child support income on the risk of child maltreatment","volume":"87","author":"Cancian","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Social Service Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0040","series-title":"Attitudes toward spanking","author":"Child Trends","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0045","series-title":"Children in poverty","author":"Child Trends","year":"2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0050","first-page":"107","article-title":"Where and how to draw the line between reasonable corporal punishment and abuse","volume":"73","author":"Coleman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Law and Contemporary Problems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0055","series-title":"Latent class and latent transition analysis with applications in the social, behavioral, and health sciences","author":"Collins","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0060","series-title":"Family information form","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (CPPRG)","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004855","article-title":"A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of conduct disorder: The FAST Track Program","volume":"4","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group [CPPRG]","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(00)00120-9","article-title":"Merging universal and indicated prevention programs: The Fast Track model","volume":"25","author":"Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group [CPPRG]","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.03.023","article-title":"How neighborhoods influence child maltreatment: A review of the literature and alternative pathways","volume":"31","author":"Coulton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30449-1","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in physical abuse reporting and child protective services interventions in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Dakil","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the National Medical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.32.6.1065","article-title":"Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children\u2019s externalizing behaviors","volume":"32","author":"Deater-Deckard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4988","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2270481","article-title":"Mechanisms in the cycle of violence","volume":"250","author":"Dodge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.2307\/1131600","article-title":"An integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children","volume":"67","author":"Garc\u00eda Coll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191","article-title":"Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01732.x","article-title":"Longitudinal links between spanking and children\u2019s externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families","volume":"83","author":"Gershoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0110","series-title":"Do early educators\u2019 implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions?","author":"Gilliam","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0115","series-title":"Life changes (Fast Track Project technical report)","author":"Godwin","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202288010","article-title":"The effects of stereotype threat and double-minority status on the test performance of Latino women","volume":"28","author":"Gonzales","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0125","series-title":"Child maltreatment research, policy, and practice for the next decade: Workshop summary","author":"Institute of Medicine [IOM]","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01117.x","article-title":"Neighborhood disadvantage: Pathways of effects for young children","volume":"79","author":"Kohen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01340.x","article-title":"Trajectories of physical discipline: Early childhood antecedents and developmental outcomes","volume":"80","author":"Lansford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12163","article-title":"Latent class analysis for developmental research","volume":"10","author":"Lanza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.01.018","article-title":"Parental spanking of 1-year-old children and subsequent child protective services involvement","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.3.767","article-title":"Testing the number of components in a normal mixture","volume":"88","author":"Lo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.4.549","article-title":"Screening of child behavior problems for prevention programs at school entry","volume":"63","author":"Lochman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.007","article-title":"Who spanks infants and toddlers? Evidence from the fragile families and child well-being study","volume":"33","author":"MacKenzie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.02.012","article-title":"Moving research beyond the spanking debate","volume":"71","author":"MacMillan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-006-9063-5","article-title":"Neighborhood characteristics, parenting, and children\u2019s safety","volume":"83","author":"McDonell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0175","series-title":"Finite mixture models","author":"McLachlan","year":"2000"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.21.2.165","article-title":"Does endorsement of physical discipline matter? Assessing moderating influences on the maternal and child psychological correlates of physical discipline in African American families","volume":"21","author":"McLoyd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020796","article-title":"Predictive validity of callous\u2013unemotional traits measured in early adolescence with respect to multiple antisocial outcomes","volume":"119","author":"McMahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-008-9207-0","article-title":"Predictors of parenting stress for abusive and nonabusive mothers","volume":"18","author":"McPherson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559502250822","article-title":"A multilevel study of neighborhoods and parent-to-child physical aggression: Results from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods","volume":"8","author":"Molnar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0200","series-title":"MPlus (Version 7.4)","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280604500201","article-title":"Family structure and child abuse","volume":"45","author":"Oliver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0210","series-title":"Neighborhood questionnaire kindergarten\/year 1 (Fast Track Project technical report)","author":"Pek","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00220670209598786","article-title":"An introduction to logistic regression analysis and reporting","volume":"96","author":"Peng","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.14.3.380","article-title":"Discipline responses: Influences of parents\u2019 socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes","volume":"14","author":"Pinderhughes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0225","first-page":"447","article-title":"Banning corporal punishment: A constitutional analysis","volume":"52","author":"Pollard","year":"2002","journal-title":"American University Law Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2307\/2967345","article-title":"Studying the role of family and school in the development of African American preschoolers in violent neighborhoods","volume":"65","author":"Randolph","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Negro Education"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.S5.1952","article-title":"Parents\u2019 discipline of young children: Results from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health","volume":"113","author":"Regalado","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136","article-title":"Estimating the dimension of a model","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294360","article-title":"Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis","volume":"52","author":"Sclove","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3112","article-title":"Effective discipline to raise healthy children","volume":"142","author":"Sege","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2006.03.006","article-title":"Risk factors in child maltreatment: A meta-analytic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Stith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/351733","article-title":"Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics scales","volume":"41","author":"Straus","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0265","series-title":"Beating the devil out of them: Corporal punishment in American families and its effects on children","author":"Straus","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American Parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2011.588537","article-title":"African American families and the role of physical discipline: Witnessing the past in the present","volume":"21","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0280","series-title":"Child maltreatment 2016","author":"U.S. Administration for Children and Families [ACF]","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/1912557","article-title":"Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses","volume":"57","author":"Vuong","year":"1989","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(91)90072-L","article-title":"The role of parental stress in physically abusive families","volume":"15","author":"Whipple","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00036","article-title":"The emergence of spanking among a representative sample of children under 2 years of age in North Carolina","volume":"2","author":"Zolotor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419301826?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419301826?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:43:54Z","timestamp":1777488234000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213419301826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0145213419301826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Distinguishing between demographic and contextual factors linked to early childhood physical discipline and physical maltreatment among Black families","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.05.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104020"}}