{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T04:43:16Z","timestamp":1792730596197,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001638","name":"Dublin City University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001638","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,12]],"date-time":"2019-12-12T13:59:14Z","timestamp":1576159154000},"page":"104121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Child sexual abuse disclosures: Does age make a difference?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-7270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaleen","family":"McElvaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"O\u2019Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhonda","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6744-7590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne","family":"Guerin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to child sexual abuse (CSA) disclosures: A research update (2000-2016)","author":"Alaggia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence and Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199309000-00005","article-title":"Developmental differences in detection and disclosure of sexual abuse","volume":"32","author":"Campis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/008124630503500207","article-title":"Patterns of disclosure in child sexual abuse","volume":"35","author":"Collings","year":"2005","journal-title":"South African Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.03.010","article-title":"A preliminary mapping of individual, relationsal, and social factors that impeded disclosure of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"43","author":"Collin-Vezina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0025","series-title":"\u2018It takes a lot to build trust\u2019. Recognition and telling: Developing earlier routes to help for children and young people","author":"Cossar","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.03.015","article-title":"Adolescents who experienced sexual abuse: Fears, needs and impediments to disclosure","volume":"28","author":"Crisma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90026-4","article-title":"The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse","volume":"18","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0040","series-title":"Updated trends in child maltreatment, 2015","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2014.918072","article-title":"Through the eyes of the wounded: A narrative analysis of children\u2019s sexual abuse experiences and recovery process","volume":"23","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00037-1","article-title":"Why children tell: A model of children\u2019s disclosure of sexual abuse","volume":"27","author":"Goodman-Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370905400908","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse and timing of disclosure in a representative sample of adults from Quebec","volume":"54","author":"H\u00e9bert","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.09.004","article-title":"Exploring the disclosure of child sexual abuse with alleged victims and their parents","volume":"31","author":"Hershkowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.07.004","article-title":"Reporting possible sexual abuse: A qualitative study on children\u2019s perspectives and the context for disclosure","volume":"29","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00125-8","article-title":"Editorial: Disclosure of child sexual abuse","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.014","article-title":"Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: Results from a national sample of adolescent women","volume":"28","author":"Kogan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.10.011","article-title":"Children\u2019s disclosures of sexual abuse in a population-based sample","volume":"76","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/088626094009003002","article-title":"Aspects of disclosure: Mediators of outcome of childhood sexual abuse","volume":"9","author":"Lamb","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.05.009","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to disclosing sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Lemaigre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.11.1.194","article-title":"Disclosure of child sexual abuse: What does the research tell us about the ways that children tell?","volume":"11","author":"London","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychology, Public Policy, and Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0100","series-title":"Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay and denial","first-page":"11","article-title":"Disclosures of child sexual abuse: A review of the contemporary empirical literature","author":"London","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.07.003","article-title":"Fidelity in school-based child sexual abuse prevention programs: A systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Lynas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559513497250","article-title":"\u201cBecause she\u2019s one who listens\u201d!: Children discuss disclosure recipients in forensic interviews","volume":"18","author":"Malloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0115","first-page":"83","article-title":"Challenges in conducting child sexual abuse assessments","volume":"19","author":"McElvaney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medico-Legal Journal of Ireland"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2280","article-title":"Disclosure of child sexual abuse: Delays, non-disclosure and partial disclosure. What the research tells us and implications for practice","volume":"24","author":"McElvaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0125","series-title":"Helping children tell about sexual abuse: Guidance for helpers","author":"McElvaney","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511424503","article-title":"Containing the secret of child sexual abuse","volume":"27","author":"McElvaney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513506281","article-title":"To tell or not to tell? Factors influencing young people\u2019s informal disclosures of child sexual abuse","volume":"29","author":"McElvaney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2390","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of children's assessment reports: What helps children tell?","volume":"26","author":"McElvaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0145","series-title":"The SAVI report. Sexual abuse and violence in Ireland. A national study of Irish experiences, beliefs and attitudes concerning sexual violence","author":"McGee","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1425943","article-title":"Children\u2019s disclosure of sexual abuse: A systematic review of qualitative research exploring barriers and facilitators","volume":"27","author":"Morrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(96)00139-1","article-title":"Disclosure patterns of sexual abuse and psychological functioning at a 1-year follow up","volume":"21","author":"Nagel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(01)00091-5","article-title":"Factors influencing children to self-disclose sexual abuse","volume":"22","author":"Paine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.04.001","article-title":"Child sexual abuse is largely hidden from the adult society. An epidemiological study of adolescents\u2019 disclosures","volume":"32","author":"Priebe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015584368","article-title":"Is anybody listening? The literature on the dialogical process of child sexual abuse disclosure reviewed","volume":"17","author":"Reitsema","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, and Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.01.014","article-title":"Children\u2019s disclosures of sexual abuse: Learning from direct inquiry","volume":"35","author":"Schaeffer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260512445380","article-title":"Disclosure of child sexual abuse by adolescents: A qualitative in-depth study","volume":"27","author":"Sch\u00f3nbucher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00130-1","article-title":"Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: Results from a national survey","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0190","first-page":"3","article-title":"How children tell: The process of disclosure in child sexual abuse","volume":"70","author":"Sorenson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2005.06.007","article-title":"\u201cA burden in your heart\u201d: Lessons of disclosure from female preadolescent and adolescent survivors of sexual abuse","volume":"29","author":"Staller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.10.009","article-title":"Childhood disclosure of sexual abuse: Necessary but not necessarily sufficient","volume":"62","author":"Swingle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.06.020","article-title":"Delay in disclosure of non-parental child sexual abuse in the context of emotional and physical maltreatment: A pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Tashjian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014537906","article-title":"Adult disclosure of child sexual abuse: A literature review","volume":"16","author":"Tener","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence & Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325009337842","article-title":"Patterns of abuse disclosure among youth","volume":"8","author":"Ungar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qualitative Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.05.002","article-title":"What Canadian youth tell us about disclosing abuse","volume":"33","author":"Ungar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004380.pub3","article-title":"School-based education programmes for the prevention of child sexual abuse","volume":"2015","author":"Walsh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.04.016","article-title":"Predictors of maternal support following children\u2019s sexual abuse disclosures","volume":"81","author":"Wamser-Nanney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419302984?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213419302984?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:05:35Z","timestamp":1778717135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213419302984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0145213419302984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Child sexual abuse disclosures: Does age make a difference?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104121","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104121"}}