{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T04:22:19Z","timestamp":1781151739826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["722523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["722523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1567683541000},"page":"104168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Childhood trauma as a predictor of reoffending in a Northern Irish probation sample"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Dalsklev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Twylla","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ine","family":"Travers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6956-0653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracey","family":"McDonagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciaran","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"Downes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donncha","family":"Hanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v4i0.21382","article-title":"PTSD and re-offending risk: The mediating role of worry and a negative perception of other people\u2019s support","volume":"4","author":"Ardino","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Psychotraumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0022343315610399","article-title":"The determinants of low-intensity intergroup violence: The case of Northern Ireland","volume":"53","author":"Balcells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Peace Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0015","series-title":"Aggression: A social learning analysis","author":"Bandura","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(01)00137-4","article-title":"Two preeminent theoretical models: A proportional hazard rate analysis of recidivism","volume":"30","author":"Benda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X04271194","article-title":"Gender differences in life-course theory of recidivism: A survival analysis","volume":"49","author":"Benda","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0035","first-page":"27","article-title":"The assessment, case management and evaluation system (ACE) in Northern Ireland","volume":"57","author":"Best","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irish Probation Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.123.2.123","article-title":"The prediction of criminal and violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders: A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Bonta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0045","series-title":"Predicting and understanding risk of re-offending: The prisoner cohort study. Ministry of Justice, Research Summary (Report No. 6)","author":"Cold","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0050","series-title":"Lessons from the states: Reducing recidivism and curbing corrections costs through justice reinvestments","author":"Council of State Governments Justice Center","year":"2013"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.05.015","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse and current depression in a low-income African-American sample","volume":"38","author":"Crow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5479.591","article-title":"Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation \u2013 A possible prelude to violence","volume":"289","author":"Davidson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n1001","article-title":"Childhood trauma, psychiatric disorders, and criminal behaviour in prisoners in Germany: A comparative study in incarcerated women and men","volume":"67","author":"Driessen","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0070","series-title":"Recidivism of prisoners released in 30 states in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010","author":"Durose","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X9203600205","article-title":"Evidence for long-term, specific effects of childhood abuse and neglect on criminal behaviour in men","volume":"36","author":"Dutton","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/17571472.2009.11493240","article-title":"Low recognition of post-traumatic stress disorder in primary care","volume":"2","author":"Ehlers","year":"2009","journal-title":"London Journal of Primary Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-005-6604-7","article-title":"The relationship between adolescent physical abuse and criminal offending: Support for an enduring and generalised cycle of violence","volume":"20","author":"Fagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130390","article-title":"A systematic review of criminal recidivism rates worldwide: Current difficulties and recommendations for best practice","volume":"10","author":"Fazel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0757-0","article-title":"Traumatic events and their relative PTSD burden in Northern Ireland: A consideration of the impact of the \u2018Troubles\u2019","volume":"49","author":"Ferry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000486","article-title":"Early trauma and increased risk for physical aggression during adulthood: The moderating role of MAOA","volume":"2","author":"Frazzetto","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01220.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works!","volume":"34","author":"Gendrau","year":"1996","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0115","series-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 22.0. Armonk","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/2156869316641730","article-title":"The relationship between trauma, arrest, and incarceration history among black americans: Findings from the National Survey of American Life","volume":"6","author":"J\u00e4ggi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Society and Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1473225416665611","article-title":"Ecological youth justice: Understanding the social ecology of young people\u2019s prolific offending","volume":"17","author":"Johns","year":"2017","journal-title":"Youth Justice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22169","article-title":"Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12\u2010month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys","volume":"31","author":"Karam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.57.7.474","article-title":"Mental health and \u201cthe Troubles\u201d in Northern Ireland: Implications of civil unrest for health and wellbeing","volume":"57","author":"Kelleher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1001-8","article-title":"Type of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism in adult probationers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12268","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of co-occurence among multiple types of child maltreatment","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515570751","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and arrest patterns in a sample of sexual offenders","volume":"31","author":"Levenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0155","series-title":"Lost Lives: The stories of men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles","author":"McKittrick","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0160","series-title":"Factors associated with serious or persistent violent offending: Findings from a rapid evidence assessment","author":"Mclean","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000161","article-title":"PTSD as a predictor of treatment engagement and recidivism in partner abusive men","volume":"9","author":"Miles-McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"246","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Childhood trauma and chronic illness in adulthood: Mental health and socioeconomic status as explanatory factors and buffers","volume":"1","author":"Mock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0175","series-title":"Textbook of child and adolescent forensic psychiatry","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental impact of violence in childhood (pp. 221\u2013238)","author":"Perry","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/12-072","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives?","volume":"17","author":"Reavis","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Permanente Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854814556880","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder increases risk of criminal recidivism among justice-involved persons with mental disorders","volume":"42","author":"Sadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059236","article-title":"A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectory in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and non-intentional traumatic events","volume":"8","author":"Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559506291950","article-title":"Adolescent girls\u2019 offending and health-risking sexual behaviour: The predicting role of trauma","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812469609","article-title":"Predicting recidivism for released state prison offenders: Examining the influence of individual and neighbourhood characteristics and spatial contagion on the likelihood of reincarceration","volume":"40","author":"Stahler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behaviour"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01157.x","article-title":"MAOA alters the effects of heavy drinking and childhood physical abuse on risk for severe impulsive acts of violence among alcoholic violent offenders","volume":"34","author":"Tikkanen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0210","series-title":"Working with relational and developmental trauma in children and adolescents","author":"Treisman","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0215","series-title":"HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence (version 2)","author":"Webster","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4901","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2704995","article-title":"The cycle of violence","volume":"244","author":"Widom","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.191","article-title":"Problem behaviours in abused and neglected children grown up: Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance abuse, crime and violence","volume":"7","author":"Widom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764216643134","article-title":"Social disadvantage and crime","volume":"60","author":"Wikstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854806296830","article-title":"Physical violence inside prisons: Rates of victimization","volume":"34","author":"Wolff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.24.4.469","article-title":"Patterns of victimization among male and female inmates: Evidence of an enduring legacy","volume":"24","author":"Wolff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9051908","article-title":"Childhood and adult trauma experiences of incarcerated persons and their relationship to adult behavioural problems and treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wolff","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854813503543","article-title":"Which criminogenic need changes are the most important in promoting desistance from crime and substance use?","volume":"41","author":"Wooditch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Criminal Justice and Behaviour"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521341930345X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521341930345X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:11:03Z","timestamp":1758935463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014521341930345X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S014521341930345X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Childhood trauma as a predictor of reoffending in a Northern Irish probation sample","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104168","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104168"}}