{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:16:40Z","timestamp":1783469800481,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,16]],"date-time":"2020-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norwegian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["256598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["256598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,22]],"date-time":"2020-01-22T23:44:10Z","timestamp":1579736650000},"page":"104374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Potentially traumatic events in foster youth, and association with DSM-5 trauma- and stressor related symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-0601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stine","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyrre","family":"Breivik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Monette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-8945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Minnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0005","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders fifth edition","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-005-0624-4","article-title":"The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood","volume":"256","author":"Anda","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0015","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood","volume":"44","author":"Boris","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.001","article-title":"A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD","volume":"58","author":"Brewin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2622","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002622","article-title":"The prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents in the child welfare system: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Bronsard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0030","series-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144029","article-title":"Child maltreatment","volume":"1","author":"Cicchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030333","article-title":"The origins of cognitive deficits in victimized children: Implications for neuroscientists and clinicians","volume":"174","author":"Danese","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12682","article-title":"Maltreatment-associated neurodevelopmental disorders: A co-twin control analysis","volume":"58","author":"Dinkler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.03.003","article-title":"Attachment and biobehavioral catch-up: Addressing the needs of infants and toddlers exposed to inadequate or problematic caregiving","volume":"15","author":"Dozier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.025023","article-title":"Psychiatric disorder among British children looked after by local authorities: Comparison with children living in private households","volume":"190","author":"Ford","year":"2007","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0065","first-page":"409","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in youths across five sectors of care","volume":"40","author":"Garland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9657","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","article-title":"Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries","volume":"373","author":"Gilbert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0075","first-page":"216","article-title":"Validity of evidence-derived criteria for reactive attachment disorder: Indiscriminately Social\/Disinhibited and emotionally Withdrawn\/Inhibited types","volume":"50","author":"Gleason","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186","article-title":"Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders","volume":"67","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-8-21","article-title":"Disturbances in attachment: Inhibited and disinhibited symptoms in foster children","volume":"8","author":"Jonkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9705-9","article-title":"Reactive attachment disorder following early maltreatment: Systematic evidence beyond the institution","volume":"41","author":"Kay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0131-2","article-title":"Disinhibited attachment disorder in UK adopted children during middle childhood: Prevalence, validity and possible developmental origin","volume":"44","author":"Kay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-009-0061-4","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth: A review of contemporary research and thought","volume":"13","author":"Kearney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0105","volume":"Vol. 197","author":"Kessler","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: Birth cohort study","author":"Kisely","year":"2018","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0115","article-title":"From child maltreatment to ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and re-victimisation","author":"Knefel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0120","article-title":"From child maltreatment to ICD\u201011 complex post\u2010traumatic stress symptoms: The role of emotion regulation and re\u2010victimisation","author":"Knefel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0125","first-page":"73","article-title":"Indiscriminate attachment behaviors in children of adolescent mothers: Etiology and risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Lalande","year":"2014","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0130","series-title":"Mental disorders in foster children: A study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors Dissertation for the degree of philosophiae doctor (phD)","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0135","article-title":"Mental disorders in foster children: A study of prevalence, comorbidity and risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Lehmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0140","article-title":"Development and examination of the reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder assessment interview","author":"Lehmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0145","first-page":"913","article-title":"Child-parent psychotherapy: 6-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Lieberman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579409000376","article-title":"Socially indiscriminate attachment behavior in the Strange Situation: Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to caregiving risk, later behavior problems, and attachment insecurity","volume":"21","author":"Lyons-Ruth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.127","article-title":"Development of a brief, clinically relevant, scale for measuring attachment disorders","volume":"11","author":"Minnis","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-0452-8","article-title":"Children in foster care: Mental health, service use and costs","volume":"15","author":"Minnis","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.019745","article-title":"Genetic, environmental and gender influences on attachment disorder behaviours","volume":"190","author":"Minnis","year":"2007","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02075.x","article-title":"An exploratory study of the association between reactive attachment disorder and attachment narratives in early school-age children","volume":"50","author":"Minnis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.114074","article-title":"Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived population","volume":"202","author":"Minnis","year":"2013","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0180","article-title":"Mplus","volume":"Vol. 5","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0185","series-title":"Vold og voldtekt i oppveksten: En nasjonal intervjuunders\u00f8kelse av 16- og 17-\u00e5ringer [Violence and rape during childhood: A national interview survey of 16-and 17-year-olds.] Norwegian only","author":"Myhre","year":"2015"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","article-title":"The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsp114","article-title":"History of maltreatment and mental health problems in foster children: A review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Oswald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559509337891","article-title":"Indiscriminate friendliness in maltreated foster children","volume":"15","author":"Pears","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20611","article-title":"Innovations and changes in the ICD\u201011 classification of mental, behavioural and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"18","author":"Reed","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.40.1.81","article-title":"Are there biological programming effects for psychological development? Findings from a study of Romanian adoptees","volume":"40","author":"Rutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.040","article-title":"International development and psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Trauma Screen (CATS)","volume":"210","author":"Sachser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12994","article-title":"Course of disinhibited social engagement behavior in clinically referred home-reared preschool children","author":"Scheper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3393","article-title":"Primary care\u2013Based interventions to promote positive parenting behaviors: A meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Shah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10078","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30045-4","article-title":"Child-to-adult neurodevelopmental and mental health trajectories after early life deprivation: The young adult follow-up of the longitudinal English and Romanian Adoptees study","volume":"389","author":"Sonuga-Barke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.04.025","article-title":"Associations between abuse\/neglect and ADHD from childhood to young adulthood: A prospective nationally-representative twin study","volume":"81","author":"Stern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.708014","article-title":"The universality of childhood emotional abuse: A meta-analysis of worldwide prevalence","volume":"21","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.05.030","article-title":"The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents","volume":"62","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1792","article-title":"Assessment of the harmful psychiatric and behavioral effects of different forms of child maltreatment","volume":"72","author":"Vachon","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3928\/00485713-20050501-06","article-title":"Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories","volume":"35","author":"Van der Kolk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.01.010","article-title":"Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers","volume":"28","author":"Zeanah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374_bib0265","first-page":"990","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder","volume":"55","author":"Zeanah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420300247?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420300247?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:14:37Z","timestamp":1758935677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213420300247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0145213420300247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Potentially traumatic events in foster youth, and association with DSM-5 trauma- and stressor related symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104374","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104374"}}