{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T22:00:00Z","timestamp":1776808800454,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T13:06:37Z","timestamp":1583759197000},"page":"104442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["They ask for protection: An exploratory study into experiences with violence among unaccompanied refugee children in Dutch reception facilities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"A.E.","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.C.","family":"Menninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.C.C.","family":"van Os","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Kalverboer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12325","article-title":"Determining prevalence of maltreatment among children in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"42","author":"Al-Eissa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0010","series-title":"Kindermishandeling in Nederland anno 2010: De tweede nationale prevalentiestudie mishandeling van kinderen en jeugdigen (NPM-2010)","author":"Alink","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1086\/664009","article-title":"Maltreatment by staff in residential care facilities: The adolescents\u2019 perspectives","volume":"85","author":"Attar-Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1086\/679194","article-title":"Experiences of sexual victimization by peers among adolescents in residential care settings","volume":"88","author":"Attar-Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.12.007","article-title":"Indirect and verbal victimization by peers among at-risk youth in residential care","volume":"42","author":"Attar-Schwartz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024715003442","article-title":"The effects of exposure to community violence on Khmer refugee adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Berthold","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Traumatic Stress"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2014.955224","article-title":"The utility of template analysis in qualitative psychology research","volume":"12","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qualitative Research In Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/chi.683","article-title":"Factors associated with abuse in residential child care institutions","volume":"16","author":"Colton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Children & Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461515571624","article-title":"In or out? Barriers and facilitators to refugee-background young people accessing mental health services","volume":"52","author":"Colucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0050","series-title":"Onvoldoende beschermd. Geweld in de Nederlandse jeugdzorg van 1945 tot heden [Insufficiently protected. Violence in Dutch youth care from 1945 till now]","author":"Commission De Winter","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0055","series-title":"Seksueel misbruik van door de overheid uit huis geplaatste kinderen, 1945 tot heden [Sexual abuse of children placed in out-home-care by the Government]","author":"Commission Samson","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0060","series-title":"General Comment No. 6 (2005) Treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin","author":"Committee on the Rights of the Child","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0065","series-title":"General Comment No. 13 (2011) The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence (art.19)","author":"Committee on the Rights of the Child","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0070","first-page":"685","article-title":"Foster youth transitions to adulthood: A longitudinal view of youth leaving care","volume":"80","author":"Courtney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/10538710802584668","article-title":"Perceptions of Blame and Credibility Toward Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Differences Across Victim Age, Victim-Perpetrator Relationship, and Respondent Gender in a Depicted Case","volume":"18","author":"Davies","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0080","author":"EU","year":"2011"},{"issue":"9812","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60051-2","article-title":"Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: Risk and protective factors","volume":"379","author":"Fazel","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0090","first-page":"4210","article-title":"Prevalence of different forms of child maltreatment among Taiwanese adolescents: A population-based study","volume":"37","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0095","first-page":"5420","article-title":"Are children safer with kin? A comparison of maltreatment risk in out-of-home care","author":"Font","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0100","series-title":"Separated, asylum-seeking children in european union member states, comparative report","author":"FRA","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.021","article-title":"The relationships between violence in childhood and educational outcomes: A global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Fry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838012455873","article-title":"The consequences of maltreatment on children\u2019s lives: A systematic review of data from the East Asia and Pacific region","volume":"13","author":"Fry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0852(200007\/08)9:4<247::AID-CAR619>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Bullying, sexual harassment and happiness in residential children\u2019s homes","volume":"9","author":"Gibbs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt233","article-title":"Frequent relocations between asylum-seeker centres are associated with mental distress in asylum-seeking children: a longitudinal medical record study","volume":"43","author":"Goosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.12.006","article-title":"Maltreatment histories of aging out foster youth: A comparison of official investigated reports and self-reports of maltreatment prior to and during out-of-home care","volume":"52","author":"Havlicek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.52.2.196","article-title":"Consensual qualitative research: An update","volume":"52","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0135","article-title":"Unaccompanied minors in the Netherlands and the care facility in which they flourish best","author":"Kalverboer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2015.1079712","article-title":"Neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents following maltreatment: Neurodevelopmental consequences and neuropsychological implications of traumatic stress","volume":"6","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Applied Neuropsychology: Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505208","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 reports of physical violence by peers in residential care settings: An ecological examination","volume":"29","author":"Khoury-Kassabri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0150","series-title":"Qualitative organizational research","article-title":"Doing template analysis","author":"King","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2206.2003.00282.x","article-title":"Promoting psychosocial well-being in unaccompanied asylum seeking young people in the United Kingdom","volume":"8","author":"Kohli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0160","series-title":"World report on violence and health","year":"2002"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.05.003","article-title":"Sexual maltreatment of unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors from the Horn of Africa: A mixed method study focusing on vulnerability and prevention","volume":"33","author":"Lay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764014537236","article-title":"\u2018This doctor, I not trust him, I\u2019m not safe\u2019: The perceptions of mental health and services by unaccompanied refugee adolescents","volume":"61","author":"Majumder","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.03.009","article-title":"Structural violence and marginalisation. the sexual and reproductive health experiences of separated young people on the move. A rapid review with relevance to the European humanitarian crisis","volume":"158","author":"Mason-Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2017.1417027","article-title":"\u2018They don\u2019t look like children\u2019: Child asylum-seekers, the Dubs amendment and the politics of childhood","volume":"44","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.07.020","article-title":"Long-term effects of organized violence on young Middle Eastern refugees\u2019 mental health","volume":"67","author":"Montgomery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.08.010","article-title":"Young people\u2019s views on safety and preventing abuse and harm in residential care:\u2019 It\u2019s got to be better than home\u2019","volume":"81","author":"Moore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-293","article-title":"Mental health among children seeking asylum in Denmark \u2013 The effect of length of stay and number of relocations: A cross-sectional study","volume":"2008","author":"Nielsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0200","first-page":"81","article-title":"Institutional abuse: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Powers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Youth Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000185870.55678.82","article-title":"Unaccompanied adolescents seeking asylum: Poorer mental health under a restrictive reception","volume":"193","author":"Reijneveld","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0210","series-title":"Child maltreatment in residential care. History, research and current practice","article-title":"An introduction to maltreatment of institutionalized children","author":"Rus","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0215","series-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0220","article-title":"European welfare states constructing \u2018unaccompanied minors\u2019- A comparative analysis of existing research on 13 European countries","volume":"15","author":"Sandermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Work & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0225","series-title":"Fourth national incidence study of child abuse and neglect (NIS\u20134): Report to congress","author":"Sedlak","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2015.1044946","article-title":"Between power and powerlessness: A meta-ethnography of sources of resilience in young refugees","volume":"21","author":"Sleijpen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethnicity & Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/00207594.2012.697165","article-title":"Cultural\u2013geographical differences in the occurrence of child physical abuse? A meta-analysis of global prevalence","volume":"48","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0240","series-title":"Lost in transition? Lived experiences of unaccompanied Afghan minors in Greece","author":"Theocharidou","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.09.001","article-title":"Sexual abuse of children and youth in residential care: An international review","volume":"19","author":"Timmerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2016.1250851","article-title":"Child maltreatment in Vietnam: Prevalence and cross-cultural comparison","volume":"26","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.08.003","article-title":"Maltreatment of children in out-of-home care: A review of associated factors and outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Uliando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Children & Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0260","series-title":"Toward a world free from violence. Global survey on violence against children","author":"UN","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0265","series-title":"Economic and social council. Special edition: Progress towards the sustainable development goals. Report of the secretary-general, 8 may 2019","author":"UN","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0270","series-title":"Convention on the rights of the child","author":"United Nations","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x","article-title":"Children without permanent parents: Research, practice, and policy: I. Children in institutional care: Delayed development and resilience","volume":"76","author":"Van IJzendoorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0280","series-title":"Aanvullend vooronderzoek","first-page":"79","article-title":"Haalbaarheidsonderzoek Geweld in de Jeugdzorg alleenstaande minderjarige vreemdelingen. [Feasibilty study into experiences of violence in care with unaccompanied minors]","author":"Van Os","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0285","first-page":"1","article-title":"Finding keys: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators for refugee children\u2019s disclosure of their life stories","author":"Van Os","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2018.05.005","article-title":"Recently arrived refugee children: The quality and outcomes of Best Interests of the Child-Assessments","volume":"59","author":"Van Os","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Law and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12094","article-title":"The mental health of unaccompanied refugee minors on arrival in the host country","volume":"55","author":"Vervliet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1080\/0886571X.2018.1559118","article-title":"There is no mother to take care of you. Views of unaccompanied children on health care, their mental health and rearing environment","volume":"36","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Residential Treatment for Children and Youth"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442_bib0305","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unaccompanied minors in the Netherlands: Legislation, policy and care","volume":"15","author":"Zijlstra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Work and Society"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420300971?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420300971?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:12:28Z","timestamp":1758935548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213420300971"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0145213420300971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"They ask for protection: An exploratory study into experiences with violence among unaccompanied refugee children in Dutch reception facilities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104442","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104442"}}