{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T03:55:14Z","timestamp":1782964514348,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T17:09:55Z","timestamp":1607447395000},"page":"104805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Abuse after abuse: The recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Landers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Danes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avery R.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"White Hawk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.11.005","article-title":"Multiple child maltreatment recurrence relative to single recurrence and no recurrence","volume":"31","author":"Bae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(94)90084-1","article-title":"Types and frequency of child maltreatment by family foster-care providers in an urban-population","volume":"18","author":"Benedict","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(96)00044-0","article-title":"The reported health and functioning of children maltreated while in family foster care","volume":"20","author":"Benedict","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2249","article-title":"Maltreatment in foster care: A review of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Biehal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-7409(81)90029-3","article-title":"For better or worse?: Foster parents and foster children in an officially reported child maltreatment population","volume":"3","author":"Bolton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/15433714.2013.788947","article-title":"Preventing the recurrence of maltreatment","volume":"10","author":"Carnochan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Evidence-based Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.10.006","article-title":"Examining predictors of re-reports and recurrence of child maltreatment using two national data sources","volume":"48","author":"Casanueva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0040","series-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparity in child welfare","author":"Child Welfare Information Gateway","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(91)90085-R","article-title":"Physical and psychological maltreatment: Relations among types of maltreatment","volume":"15","author":"Claussen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0055","first-page":"1230","article-title":"Methods for addressing missing data in psychiatric and developmental research","volume":"44","author":"Croy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559598003001003","article-title":"Rates, patterns, and frequency of child maltreatment recurrences among families known to CPS","volume":"3","author":"DePanfilis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1086\/514415","article-title":"Epidemiology of child maltreatment recurrences","volume":"73","author":"DePanfilis","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Social Service Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559599004004003","article-title":"Characteristics of repeated referrals to child protective services in Washington State","volume":"4","author":"English","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.12.002","article-title":"Out of home placement to promote safety? The prevalence of physical abuse in residential and foster care","volume":"37","author":"Euser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507307837","article-title":"Concordance between adolescent reports of childhood abuse and Child Protective Service determinations in an at-risk sample of young adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Everson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2006.06.008","article-title":"Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization","volume":"31","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507311517","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of repeated child abuse reporting and victimization: Multistate analysis of associated factors","volume":"13","author":"Fluke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00039-3","article-title":"Recurrence of maltreatment: An application of the national child abuse and neglect data system (NCANDS)","volume":"23","author":"Fluke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559515597064","article-title":"Child protection investigations in out-of-home care: Perpetrators, victims, and contexts","volume":"20","author":"Font","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0105","article-title":"Using administrative data to assess child safety in out-of-home care","volume":"79","author":"Garnier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0110","first-page":"41","article-title":"American indian spirituality","volume":"51","author":"Giago","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nieman Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0115","article-title":"Protecting the sacred tree: Conceptualizing spiritual abuse against Native American elders","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology of Religion and Spirituality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.04.020","article-title":"The role of poly-victimization in predicting differences in foster youths\u2019 appraisals","volume":"69","author":"Gusler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0125","series-title":"After the Indian Adoption Project: A search for identity (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)","author":"Harness","year":"2006"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.05.001","article-title":"A developmental approach to the risk of a first recurrence in child protective services","volume":"37","author":"H\u00e9lie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.09.002","article-title":"Risk of maltreatment recurrence after exiting substitute care: Impact of placement characteristics","volume":"46","author":"H\u00e9lie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0140","series-title":"Autobiographical memory and the validity of retrospective reports","first-page":"21","article-title":"The validity of retrospective reports as a function of the directness of retrieval processes","author":"Herrmann","year":"1994"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.085639","article-title":"Risk factors for recurrence of maltreatment: A systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Hindley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00096-4","article-title":"Abuse of children in foster and residential care","volume":"23","author":"Hobbs","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0155","series-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 26.0","author":"IBM Corp. Released","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.04.031","article-title":"Predictors of substantiated re-reports in a sample of children with initial unsubstantiated reports","volume":"69","author":"Jedwab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00012-4","article-title":"Foster care and future risk of maltreatment","volume":"25","author":"Jonson-Reid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-016-0476-y","article-title":"Pre-foster care maltreatment class as a predictor of maltreatment in foster care","volume":"34","author":"Katz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2017.09.002","article-title":"Finding their way home: Factors associated with reunification for American Indian and White adults","volume":"82","author":"Landers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.2402.2017.54","article-title":"American Indian and White adoptees: Are there mental health differences?","volume":"24","author":"Landers","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7202\/1077259ar","article-title":"Finding their way home: The reunification of First Nations adoptees","volume":"10","author":"Landers","year":"2015","journal-title":"First Peoples Child & Family Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0190","series-title":"Time to listen: The experiences of young people in foster and residential care. A Childline study","author":"Morris","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005724610787","article-title":"The growing American Indian population, 1960\u20131990: Beyond demography","volume":"16","author":"Passel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Population Research and Policy Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2002.00349.x","article-title":"Integrating family resilience and family stress theory","volume":"64","author":"Patterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and the Family"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(99)00038-9","article-title":"How safe are out-of-home placements?","volume":"21","author":"Poertner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.03.014","article-title":"Measuring child maltreatment risk in communities: A life table approach","volume":"28","author":"Sabol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0215","series-title":"Negotiating Indian identity: Native Americans and transracial adoption","author":"Sindelar","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-7409(92)90002-D","article-title":"Out-of-home maltreatment: An analysis of risk in various settings for children","volume":"14","author":"Spencer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0225","unstructured":"StrongHearts Native Helpline (2017, July 24). What is cultural abuse? Retrieved from https:\/\/www.strongheartshelpline.org\/what-does-cultural-abuse-look-like\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0230","series-title":"Child maltreatment in foster care: A study of retrospective reporting. champaign: Children and Family Research Center, School of Social Work","author":"Tittle","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0235","article-title":"Child maltreatment in out of home care: What do we know now","volume":"51","author":"Tittle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urbana"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.003","article-title":"Emotional abuse in a sample of multiply maltreated urban adolescents: Issues of definition and identification","volume":"33","author":"Trickett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0245","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau (2020). Child Maltreatment 2018. Available from https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/cb\/research-data-technology\/statistics-research\/child-maltreatment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0250","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children\u2019s Bureau. (2019). The AFCARS Report. Preliminary FY 2018 Estimates as of Aug 22, 2019. No. 25. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.acf.hhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cb\/afcarsreport26.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1353\/aiq.2001.0030","article-title":"Indigenous identity: What is it, and who really has it?","volume":"25","author":"Weaver","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Indian Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/0025802414543855","article-title":"Risk factors for child maltreatment recurrence: An updated systematic review","volume":"55","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine, Science, and the Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1300\/J135v07n02_02","article-title":"The developmental consequences of child emotional abuse: A neurodevelopmental perspective","volume":"7","author":"Yates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Emotional Abuse"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420304609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213420304609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:15:41Z","timestamp":1758935741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213420304609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0145213420304609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Abuse after abuse: The recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104805","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104805"}}