{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1793066502952,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,22]],"date-time":"2021-07-22T03:20:36Z","timestamp":1626924036000},"page":"105214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Malin","family":"Joleby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Landstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2308","article-title":"Internet child sex offenders\u2019 concerns about online security and their use of identity protection technologies: A review","volume":"24","author":"Balfe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0015","article-title":"Exposing patterns of adult solicitor behaviour: Towards a theory of control within the cybersexual abuse of youth","volume":"1-32","author":"Barber","year":"2020","journal-title":"European Journal of Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.03.007","article-title":"The internet and child sexual offending: A criminological review","volume":"13","author":"Beech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/15564886.2013.873750","article-title":"The effects of using identity deception and suggesting secrecy on the outcomes of adult-adult and adult-child or -adolescent online sexual interactions","volume":"9","author":"Bergen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Victims & Offenders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.12.004","article-title":"A linguistic analysis of grooming strategies of online child sex offenders: Implications for our understanding of predatory sexual behavior in an increasingly computer-mediated world","volume":"44","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063210384275","article-title":"An exploratory study of internet-initiated sexual offenses and the chat room sex offender: Has the internet enabled a new typology of sex offender?","volume":"23","author":"Briggs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104647","article-title":"A psycho-linguistic profile of online grooming conversations: A comparative study of prison and police staff considerations","volume":"109","author":"Broome","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.02.021","article-title":"A systematic review of fantasy driven vs. contact driven internet-initiated sexual offences: Discrete or overlapping typologies?","volume":"79","author":"Broome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0055","series-title":"Online grooming: moves and strategies","first-page":"103","volume":"4(1)","author":"Chiang","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0060","first-page":"25","article-title":"Deceptive identity performance: Offender moves and multiple identities in online child abuse conversations","volume":"1","author":"Chiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Applied Linguistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600601069414","article-title":"Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations","volume":"12","author":"Craven","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0070","series-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.026","article-title":"Progression, maintenance, and feedback of online child sexual grooming: A qualitative analysis of online predators","volume":"80","author":"De Santisteban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2016.1241309","article-title":"Internet sexual solicitation of children: A proposed typology of offenders based on their chats, e-mails, and social network posts","volume":"23","author":"DeHart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0085","unstructured":"Egan, V., Hoskinson, J., & Shewan, D. (2011). Perverted justice: A content analysis of the language used by offenders detected attempting to solicit children for sex. Antisocial behavior: Causes, correlations and treatments, 20(3), 273297."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12124","article-title":"Court evaluations of young children\u2019s testimony in child sexual abuse cases","author":"Ernberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Legal and Criminological Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0095","series-title":"Special agent discusses sextortion case","author":"FBI","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.12.002","article-title":"Persuasion strategies and sexual solicitations and interactions in online sexual grooming of adolescents: Modeling direct and indirect pathways","volume":"63","author":"G\u00e1mez-Guadix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0105","series-title":"The construction and psychometric properties of the questionnaire for online sexual solicitation and interaction of minors with adults","first-page":"975","volume":"30(8)","author":"G\u00e1mez-Guadix","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0110","series-title":"Sage handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research","first-page":"237","article-title":"Research design, as independent of method","author":"Gorard","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experiences and perceptions of online sexual solicitation and grooming of minors: A retrospective report","author":"Greene-Colozzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0120","series-title":"Characterizing pedophile conversations on the internet using online grooming","author":"Gupta","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105451","article-title":"Technology assisted child sexual abuse in the UK: Young people's views on the impact of online sexual abuse","volume":"119","author":"Hamilton-Giachritsis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0130","series-title":"WEIS","article-title":"Why do nigerian scammers say they are from Nigeria?","author":"Herley","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.04.011","article-title":"A comparison of online and offline grooming characteristics: An application of the victim roles model","volume":"85","author":"Ioannou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0145","series-title":"Psychology, Crime & Law","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experiences and psychological health among children exposed to online child sexual abuse \u2013 A mixed methods study of court verdicts","author":"Joleby","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0292-1","article-title":"Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Jonsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838013511543","article-title":"Online child sexual exploitation: Prevalence, process, and offender characteristics","volume":"15","author":"Kloess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217720927","article-title":"Offense processes of online sexual grooming and abuse of children via internet communication platforms","volume":"31","author":"Kloess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063215612442","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of offenders\u2019 modus operandi in sexually exploitative interactions with children online","volume":"29","author":"Kloess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2016.04.004","article-title":"Online blackmail of Czech children focused on so-called \u201csextortion\u201d (analysis of culprit and victim behaviors)","volume":"34","author":"Kopeck\u00fd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Telematics and Informatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2017.01.004","article-title":"\u201cCause ur special\u201d: Understanding trust and complimenting behaviour in online grooming discourse","volume":"112","author":"Lorenzo-Dus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Pragmatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2016.02.004","article-title":"Understanding grooming discourse in computer-mediated environments","volume":"12","author":"Lorenzo-Dus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Discourse, Context & Media"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n02_02","article-title":"Predatory online behavior: Modus operandi of convicted sex offenders in identifying potential victims and contacting minors over the internet","volume":"16","author":"Malesky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1300\/J070v16n04_06","article-title":"Interpreting the intentions of internet predators: An examination of online predatory behavior","volume":"16","author":"Marcum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0195","series-title":"A typology of child cybersexploitation and online grooming practices","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.005","article-title":"Rapid skill acquisition and online sexual grooming of children","volume":"39","author":"Quayle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40163-016-0050-0","article-title":"An exploratory study of public reports to investigate patterns and themes of requests for sexual images of minors online","volume":"5","author":"Quayle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crime Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0215","series-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0220","first-page":"97","article-title":"Do perverted justice chat logs contain examples of overt persuasion and sexual extortion? A research note responding to Chiang and Grant (2017, 2018)","volume":"5","author":"Schneevogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Language and Law\/Linguagem e Direito"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12437","article-title":"A discursive analysis of compliance, resistance and escalation to threats in sexually exploitative interactions between offenders and male children","author":"Seymour-Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/14043850802450120","article-title":"Online sexual grooming in Sweden\u2014online and offline sex offences against children as described in Swedish police data","volume":"9","author":"Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0235","unstructured":"Swedish code of judicial procedure, chapter 30, paragraph 5."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0240","unstructured":"Swedish penal code, chapter 6, paragraph 8."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2015.1009602","article-title":"A typology of offenders who use online communications to commit sex crimes against minors","volume":"24","author":"Tener","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0250","author":"Ulricehamn Tidning"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2016.1189473","article-title":"Behavioural differences between online sexual groomers approaching boys and girls","volume":"25","author":"van Gijn-Grosvenor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0260","series-title":"Online groomer typology scheme","first-page":"1","author":"van Gijn-Grosvenor","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2012.09.003","article-title":"A review of online grooming: Characteristics and concerns","volume":"18","author":"Whittle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/socsci3030404","article-title":"\u201cUnder his spell\u201d: Victims\u2019 perspectives of being groomed online","volume":"3","author":"Whittle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2012.707550","article-title":"Identifying sexual grooming themes used by internet sex offenders","volume":"34","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2016.1271146","article-title":"Sexual offenders contacting children online: An examination of transcripts of sexual grooming","volume":"23","author":"Winters","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.06.010","article-title":"Are crimes by online predators different from crimes by sex offenders who know youth in-person?","volume":"53","author":"Wolak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.05.006","article-title":"Internet-initiated sex crimes against minors: Implications for prevention based on findings from a national study","volume":"35","author":"Wolak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.08.014","article-title":"Sextortion of minors: Characteristics and dynamics","volume":"62","author":"Wolak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213421002878?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213421002878?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:20:24Z","timestamp":1758936024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213421002878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0145213421002878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Offender strategies for engaging children in online sexual activity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105214","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105214"}}