{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:01:41Z","timestamp":1792191701262,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":1065,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA221819"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA221819"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20CA253255"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20CA253255"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH126586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH126586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T23:05:23Z","timestamp":1653951923000},"page":"105686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An update on ACEs domain frequencies across race\/ethnicity and sex in a nationally representative sample"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"129","author":[{"given":"Ashley B.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassidy M.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary D.","family":"Giano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randolph D.","family":"Hubach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0005","series-title":"The Validity of race and Hispanic origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: An update","author":"Arias","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.01.022","article-title":"Intergenerational trauma: The relationship between residential schools and the child welfare system among young people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"65","author":"Barker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5","article-title":"Trauma and conditional risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in two American Indian reservation communities","volume":"48","author":"Beals","year":"2013","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461511410240","article-title":"The impact of stressors on second generation indian residential school survivors","volume":"48","author":"Bombay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0025","series-title":"Origins of lateral violence in Aboriginal communities. A preliminary study of student-to-student abuse in residential schools","author":"Bombay","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2011.628913","article-title":"Historical trauma among indigenous peoples of the americas: Concepts, research, and clinical considerations","volume":"43","author":"Brave Heart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-015-9721-3","article-title":"The relationship of adverse childhood experiences to PTSD, depression, poly-drug use and suicide attempt in reservation-based native american adolescents and young adults","volume":"55","author":"Brockie","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022265","article-title":"Examining protective and buffering associations between sociocultural factors and adverse childhood experiences among american indian adults with type 2 diabetes: A quantitative, community-based participatory research approach","volume":"8","author":"Brockie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0045","series-title":"The BRFSS data user guide","author":"CDC","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/FCH.0b013e318219606f","article-title":"Applying indigenous community-based participatory research principles to partnership development in health disparities research","volume":"34","author":"Christopher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Family & Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3233\/SJI-190495","article-title":"Identification in a time of invisibility for american indians and Alaska natives in the United States","volume":"35","author":"Connolly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistical Journal of the IAOS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.001","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences: Expanding the concept of adversity","volume":"49","author":"Cronholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00720-y","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and internalizing symptoms among american indian adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Elm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.2601.2019.33","article-title":"Sources of stress among Midwest American Indian adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Elm","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507312290","article-title":"Historical trauma in american Indian\/Native Alaska communities: A multilevel framework for exploring impacts on individuals, families, and communities","volume":"23","author":"Evans-Campbell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054213","article-title":"Interpersonal violence in the lives of urban american indian and Alaska native women: Implications for health, mental health, and help-seeking","volume":"96","author":"Evans-Campbell","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0085","series-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study","first-page":"245","volume":"14(4)","author":"Felitti","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037723","article-title":"Examination of the factorial structure of adverse childhood experiences and recommendations for three subscale scores","volume":"4","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.020","article-title":"Adverse childhood events in american Indian\/Alaska native populations","volume":"60","author":"Giano","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09411-z","article-title":"The frequencies and disparities of adverse childhood experiences in the US","volume":"20","author":"Giano","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000763","article-title":"Recognizing the cumulative burden of childhood adversities transforms science and practice for trauma and resilience","volume":"76","author":"Hamby","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2020.1692408","article-title":"Understanding the burden of trauma and victimization among American Indian and Alaska native elders: Historical trauma as an element of poly-victimization","volume":"21","author":"Hamby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.2.304","article-title":"Preventing substance abuse in American Indian and Alaska native youth: Promising strategies for healthier communities","volume":"130","author":"Hawkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0120","first-page":"56","article-title":"The american indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief","volume":"8","author":"Heart","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1300\/J137v02n01_08","article-title":"Oyate ptayela: Rebuilding the Lakota nation through addressing historical trauma among Lakota parents","volume":"2","author":"Heart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0255-7","article-title":"National weighting of data from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS)","volume":"16","author":"Iachan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0135","author":"Indian Health Service"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7424239","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences among American Indian\/Alaska native children: The 2011-2012 national survey of children\u2019s health","volume":"2016","author":"Kenney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S343","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301648","article-title":"Alcohol-attributable mortality among american indians and Alaska natives in the United States, 1999\u20132009","volume":"104","author":"Landen","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0150","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contextualizing CBPR: Key principles of CBPR meet the indigenous research context","volume":"7","author":"LaVeaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pimatisiwin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(89)90049-5","article-title":"Profile of abused and neglected American Indian children in the southwest","volume":"13","author":"Lujan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104331","article-title":"Questioning the use of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) questionnaires","volume":"101","author":"McLennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743717702075","article-title":"Suicide ideation and attempts among first nations peoples living on-reserve in Canada: The intergenerational and cumulative effects of Indian residential schools","volume":"62","author":"McQuaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry\/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2537","article-title":"Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences from the 2011\u20132014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system in 23 states","volume":"172","author":"Merrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6844e1","article-title":"Vital signs: Estimated proportion of adult health problems attributable to adverse childhood experiences and implications for prevention\u201425 states, 2015\u20132017","volume":"68","author":"Merrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-015-0146-3","article-title":"Disparities in health, health care access, and life experience between American Indian and white adults in South Dakota","volume":"3","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0185","author":"NCAI"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0190","first-page":"49","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in American Indian and\/or Alaska native communities: A social ecological framework of determinants and interventions","volume":"11","author":"Oetzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research The Journal of the National Center"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000358","article-title":"Increasing culturally responsive care and mental health equity with indigenous community mental health workers","volume":"18","author":"O'Keefe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Petruccelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104812","article-title":"Examining adverse childhood experiences among native american persons in a nationally representative sample: Differences among racial\/ethnic groups and race\/ethnicity-sex dyads","volume":"111","author":"Richards","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.938603","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for depressive symptoms among American Indian older adults: Adverse childhood experiences and social support","volume":"19","author":"Roh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-30","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey","volume":"7","author":"Schilling","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.1559","article-title":"Capitalizing on advances in science to reduce the health consequences of early childhood adversity","volume":"170","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027658","article-title":"The racial microaggressions scale (RMAS): A new scale to measure experiences of racial microaggressions in people of color","volume":"18","author":"Torres-Harding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0230","author":"Villegas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0235","series-title":"Resilience and trauma: A backgrounder","author":"Walls","year":"2015"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X12447178","article-title":"The intergenerational effects of relocation policies on indigenous families","volume":"33","author":"Walls","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Family Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2017.0133","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) among American Indians in South Dakota and associations with mental health conditions, alcohol use, and smoking","volume":"28","author":"Warne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved"},{"issue":"S3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S263","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301682","article-title":"American Indian health policy: historical trends and contemporary issues","volume":"104","author":"Warne","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12198","article-title":"American Indian health disparities: Psychosocial influences","volume":"9","author":"Warne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342200206X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S014521342200206X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:45:10Z","timestamp":1777488310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S014521342200206X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S014521342200206X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An update on ACEs domain frequencies across race\/ethnicity and sex in a nationally representative sample","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105686","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105686"}}