{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:10:38Z","timestamp":1792689038460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T17:34:11Z","timestamp":1668447251000},"page":"105948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: Lashing, imprisonment, and other unusual punishments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis D.","family":"Boateng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-6116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Pryce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajed A.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872817742695","article-title":"Listening to child protection workers in Saudi Arabia: Child protection workers speak of how they experienced the policies and programs introduced to protect children between 2010 and 2013","volume":"62","author":"Al Faryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.2307\/3053523","article-title":"Prosecutorial discretion: The effects of uncertainty","volume":"21","author":"Albonetti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Law & Society Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/01924036.1985.9688820","article-title":"Islamic law and crime: The case of Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-017-0167-7","article-title":"Physical child abuse by parents and teachers in Saudi Arabia: A systematic literature review","volume":"12","author":"Alsehaimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0025","author":"Ansari"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0030","series-title":"Young offenders: Law, policy and practice","author":"Ball","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0035","series-title":"The constitutional feasibility of codifying Sharia discretion in relation to punishments in Saudi Arabia","author":"Balto","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2307\/2093853","article-title":"Police control of juveniles","volume":"35","author":"Black","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0050","series-title":"The gender of crime","author":"Britton","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0055","series-title":"Report of the native courts (northern provinces) commission","author":"Brooke","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128789035001002","article-title":"Girls\u2019 crime and Woman\u2019s place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquency","volume":"35","author":"Chesney-Lind","year":"1989","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/13602000220124908","article-title":"Islamic law and judicial practice in Nigeria: An historical perspective","volume":"22","author":"Christelow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427894031002003","article-title":"Adding color to a black and white picture: Using qualitative data to explain racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system","volume":"31","author":"Conley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0075","series-title":"The coming of the super-predators","author":"DiIulio","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0080","series-title":"On the bases of Islamic criminal system: A comparative study","author":"El-Awa","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0085","series-title":"The effect of Islamic Sharia on behavioral disturbances in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A case study of transcultural psychiatry","author":"El-Sendiony","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/001112878703300204","article-title":"Racial determinants of the judicial transfer decision: Prosecuting violent youth in criminal court","volume":"33","author":"Fagan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crime & Delinquency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0095","first-page":"515","article-title":"Reference of juvenile offenders for adult prosecution: The legislative alternative to asking unanswerable questions","volume":"62","author":"Feld","year":"1978","journal-title":"Minnesota Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0100","series-title":"Bad Kids: Race and the transformation of the juvenile court","author":"Feld","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0105","first-page":"125","article-title":"Towards a skeptical look at sexism","volume":"14","author":"Gelsthorpe","year":"1986","journal-title":"International Journal of Sociology of Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1037969X211055538","article-title":"Corporal punishment in New South Wales: A call for repel of section 6IAA","volume":"47","author":"Greeff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alternative Law Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0115","series-title":"Introduction to criminology: Theories, methods, and criminal behavior","author":"Hagan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0120","first-page":"35","article-title":"Restorative justice in islam","volume":"4","author":"Hascall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474505048134","article-title":"\u201cIf we are tough on crime, if we punish crime, then people get the message\u201d: Constructing and governing the punishable young offender in Canada during the late 1990s","volume":"7","author":"Hogeveen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Punishment & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0130","series-title":"Prevention and reducing juvenile delinquency: A comprehensive framework","author":"Howell","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0135","series-title":"Law of care institutions for girls","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0140","series-title":"The children of Ismael: Critical perspectives on juvenile justice","author":"Krisberg","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006875928287","article-title":"Sex, social hygiene, and the state: The double-edged sword of social reform","volume":"27","author":"Luker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theory and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0150","series-title":"Modern Saudi Arabia","first-page":"73","article-title":"Capital and corporal punishment","author":"Maddy-Weitzman","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1177\/1473225408096460","article-title":"Developing a juvenile justice system in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Rights, diversion and alternatives","volume":"8","author":"Morris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Youth Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/S0963180116000128","article-title":"The role of physicians in state-sponsored corporal punishment","volume":"25","author":"Muaygil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204002250878","article-title":"Adult crime, adult time: Punishing violent youth in the adult criminal justice system","volume":"1","author":"Myers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/01442879808423755","article-title":"Tacking youth crime and reforming youth justice: The origins and nature of \u201cNew labour\u201d policy","volume":"19","author":"Newburn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Policy Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1462474509357379","article-title":"Never too late: Public optimism about juvenile rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"Piquero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Punishment & Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13266","article-title":"Do callous-unemotional traits moderate the effects of the juvenile justice system on later offending behavior?","volume":"62","author":"Robertson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0185","series-title":"Major issues in juvenile justice information and training: Readings in public policy","first-page":"265","article-title":"Treating juveniles as adults in New York: What does it mean and how does it work?","author":"Roysher","year":"1981"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.31436\/iiumlj.v29i1.609","article-title":"The use of flogging as a punishment in Saudi Arabia from the perspective of international human rights law","volume":"29","author":"Sebar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iium Law Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0195","series-title":"Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report.","author":"Snyder","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085114531318","article-title":"Gender and status offending; judicial paternalism in juvenile justice processing","volume":"9","author":"Spivak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Feminist Criminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0205","series-title":"Background for the Youth Criminal Justice Act","author":"Sprott","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0210","series-title":"Juvenile justice in the making","author":"Tanenhaus","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0215","series-title":"Crime, justice and correction","author":"Tappan","year":"1960"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0220","series-title":"Social worlds of sentencing: Court communities under sentencing guidelines","author":"Ulmer","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0225","first-page":"221","article-title":"Proportionate sentences for juveniles: How different than for adults?","volume":"3","author":"Von Hirsch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Punishment and Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948_bb0230","series-title":"Minorities in juvenile justice","first-page":"47","article-title":"Policing juveniles: Is there bias against youths of color?","author":"Wordes","year":"1995"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213422004823?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213422004823?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:24:16Z","timestamp":1758936256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213422004823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0145213422004823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Crime and punishment in Saudi Arabia: Lashing, imprisonment, and other unusual punishments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105948","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105948"}}