{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:00:30Z","timestamp":1790402430421,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T01:33:14Z","timestamp":1671067994000},"page":"105997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence and determinants of sexual abuse among adolescent girls during the COVID-19 lockdown and school closures in Ghana: A mixed method study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Owusu-Addo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.B.","family":"Owusu-Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.M.","family":"Bennor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Mensah-Odum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Deliege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Odame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0272684X211013151","article-title":"Child sexual abuse in Pakistan: Using evidence based social ecological model for explanation and policy formulation","volume":"43","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community Health Equity Research & Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3059","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and adolescent health and well-being in sub-Saharan Africa: Who cares?","volume":"36","author":"Addae","year":"2021","journal-title":"The International Journal of Health Planning and Management"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2011.606526","article-title":"Mother\u2013daughter communication about sex: The influence of authoritative parenting style","volume":"27","author":"Askelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0020","series-title":"Do school closures during an epidemic have persistent effects? Evidence from Sierra Leone in the time of Ebola. J-PAL working paper","author":"Bandiera","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0426-1","article-title":"The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Barth","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2018.1477222","article-title":"Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: A systematic literature review","volume":"27","author":"Bj\u00f8rnseth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0035","series-title":"Perceptions of child sexual abuse in Ghana: Causes, consequences and implications for intervention","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"10242","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31377-5","article-title":"Gendered effects of school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"395","author":"Burzynska","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.21315\/mjms2021.28.4.13","article-title":"Prevalence, pattern and predictors of child sexual abuse among senior secondary school students in Enugu Metropolis","volume":"28","author":"Chime","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0055","first-page":"267","article-title":"Determining sample sizes for surveys with data analyzed by hierarchical linear models","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Official Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0060","series-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches","author":"Creswell","year":"2014"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e378","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00060-1","article-title":"The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda","volume":"3","author":"Devries","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0070","series-title":"Sport, children's rights and violence prevention: A sourcebook on global issues and local programs","first-page":"18","article-title":"The causes of violence in sport: Who is to blame?","author":"East","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0075","series-title":"Child sexual abuse","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1984"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/088626086001001004","article-title":"Risk factors for child sexual abuse","volume":"1","author":"Finkelhor","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.12.026","article-title":"The lifetime prevalence of child sexual abuse and sexual assault assessed in late adolescence","volume":"55","author":"Finkelhor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0090","series-title":"Sexual and other forms of violence during the COVID-19 pandemic emergency in Kenya","author":"Flowe","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0095","author":"Gauteng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0100","series-title":"Living under lockdown: Girls and COVID-19","author":"Goulds","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0105","series-title":"Ethical research involving children","author":"Graham","year":"2013"},{"issue":"7042","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7042.1326","article-title":"Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adolescents in Geneva: Results of a cross sectional survey","volume":"312","author":"Halperin","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0115","first-page":"3","article-title":"The impact of abstinence-only sex education programs in the United States on adolescent sexual outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Heels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives-Studies in Translatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1525\/srsp.2008.5.3.18","article-title":"The impact of abstinence and comprehensive sex and STD\/HIV education programs on adolescent sexual behavior","volume":"5","author":"Kirby","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sexuality Research & Social Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00002-2","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence","volume":"23","author":"Krah\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427810391540","article-title":"Getting into the script of adult child sex offenders and mapping out situational prevention measures","volume":"48","author":"Leclerc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063213504594","article-title":"Prevention nearby: The influence of the presence of a potential guardian on the severity of child sexual abuse","volume":"27","author":"Leclerc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0140","first-page":"298","article-title":"Using the socio-ecological model to frame agricultural safety and health interventions","volume":"22","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Agromedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000151","article-title":"Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA publications and communications board task force report","volume":"73","author":"Levitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP5116","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520959630","article-title":"Prevention alone is not enough:\u201d Stakeholders\u2019 perspectives about school-based child sexual abuse (CSA) prevention programs and CSA research in China","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0155","author":"Mensah"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.10.004","article-title":"Pathways from childhood abuse to prospective revictimization: Depression, sex to reduce negative affect, and forecasted sexual behavior","volume":"38","author":"Miron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.08.020","article-title":"Child sexual abuse revisited: A population-based cross-sectional study among swiss adolescents","volume":"54","author":"Mohler-Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0175","series-title":"Pregnant in the time of Ebola","first-page":"121","article-title":"Gender-based violence among adolescent girls and young women: A neglected consequence of the West African Ebola outbreak","author":"Onyango","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-013-0528-y","article-title":"Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research","volume":"42","author":"Palinkas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559520932665","article-title":"Child sexual abuse and risk of revictimization: Impact of child demographics, sexual abuse characteristics, and psychiatric disorders","volume":"26","author":"Papalia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517733813","article-title":"Predicting sexual revictimization in childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal examination using ecological systems theory","volume":"23","author":"Pittenger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0195","series-title":"Action to end child sexual abuse and exploitation: A review of the evidence","author":"Radford","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4685","DOI":"10.3390\/su12114685","article-title":"Schools that \u2018open doors\u2019 to prevent child abuse in confinement by COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Roca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-048636","article-title":"Patterns of sexual violence against adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya: A prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Rockowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.016","article-title":"Parents as protectors: A qualitative study of parents' views on child sexual abuse prevention","volume":"85","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517729479","article-title":"Child sexual abuse prevention opportunities: Parenting, programs, and the reduction of risk","volume":"23","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11577-017-0454-1","article-title":"How to construct a mixed methods research design","volume":"69","author":"Schoonenboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"KZfSS K\u00f6lner Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.148139","article-title":"An epidemiological overview of child sexual abuse","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3200","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13316","article-title":"Experiences of violence and abuse among internally displaced adolescent girls following a natural disaster","volume":"73","author":"Sloand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.15289","article-title":"Increased child abuse in Uganda amidst COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"57","author":"Sserwanja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2021.630901","article-title":"Children's vulnerability to sexual violence during COVID-19 in Kenya: Recommendations for the future","volume":"2","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Global Women's Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511403920","article-title":"A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world","volume":"16","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0250","series-title":"Professional sexual misconduct in institutions: Causes and consequences, prevention and intervention","author":"Tschan","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0255","series-title":"Fulfilling our promise to young people today: 2013-2015 progress review. ESA commitment review report","author":"UNESCO","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0260","series-title":"Action to end child sexual abuse and exploitation: A review of the evidence","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2012.675424","article-title":"Mother\u2013child communication about sexual abuse prevention","volume":"21","author":"Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0270","series-title":"Global Threat Assessment 2019: Working together to end the sexual exploitation of children online","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2731","article-title":"Parent-adolescent sexual communication and adolescent safer sex behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Widman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997_bb0280","series-title":"Report of the consultation on child abuse prevention, 29-31 March 1999","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213422005312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213422005312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:26:52Z","timestamp":1758936412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213422005312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0145213422005312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence and determinants of sexual abuse among adolescent girls during the COVID-19 lockdown and school closures in Ghana: A mixed method study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105997","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105997"}}