{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:12:11Z","timestamp":1786986731237,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000155","name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["430-2019-00041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["430-2019-00041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000155","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T18:12:07Z","timestamp":1680199927000},"page":"106157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Reasons for admission to service and overrepresentation of Black youth in the child welfare system in Ontario, Canada: Does race matter?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"Jude Mary","family":"C\u00e9nat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pari-Gole","family":"Noorishad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Farahi Moshirian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wina Paul","family":"Darius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106048","article-title":"Examining decision-making tools and child welfare involvement among black families in Ontario,Canada","volume":"126","author":"Antwi-Boasiako","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0010","article-title":"Understanding the overrepresentation of Black children in Ontario's child welfare system: Perspectives from child welfare workers and community service providers","volume":"123","author":"Antwi-Boasiako","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104618","article-title":"Differences and disparities over time: Black and White families investigated by Ontario's child welfare system","volume":"107","author":"Antwi-Boasiako","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104618","article-title":"Differences and disparities over time: Black and White families investigated by Ontario's child welfare system","volume":"107","author":"Antwi-Boasiako","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0025","series-title":"Assessment of Parenting: Psychiatric and Psychological Contributions","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0030","series-title":"Mothers' experiences with child protection services: Using qualitative feminist poststructuralism","author":"Aston","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-018-0802-x","article-title":"Fixed and random effects models: making an informed choice Multilevel models \u00b7 Fixed effects \u00b7 Random effects \u00b7 Mundlak \u00b7 Hybrid models \u00b7 Within and between effects","volume":"53","author":"Bell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quality & Quantity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104587","article-title":"Indigenous ontology, international law and the application of the convention to the over-representation of Indigenous children in out of home care in Canada and Australia","volume":"110","author":"Blackstock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105219","article-title":"A longitudinal jurisdictional study of black children reported to child protection services in Quebec,Canada","volume":"116","author":"Boatswain-Kyte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0050","series-title":"Understanding the over-representation of Black children in Ontario child welfare services Ontario incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2018","author":"Bonnie","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0055","article-title":"Complex racial trauma: Evidence, theory, assessment, and treatment","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23158","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of depression among Black individuals in Canada: The major role of everyday racial discrimination","volume":"38","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Depression and anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9000","author":"C\u00e9nat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e9nat, J. M., Dalexis, R. D., Darius, W. P., Kogan, C. S., & Guerrier, M. (2022). Prevalence of Current PTSD Symptoms Among a Sample of Black Individuals Aged 15 to 40 in Canada: The Major Role of Everyday Racial Discrimination, Racial Microaggresions, and Internalized Racism. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 68(3) 178-186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/07067437221128462.","DOI":"10.1177\/07067437221128462"},{"issue":"17\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP16750","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211023493","article-title":"Prevalence and effects of daily and major experiences of racial discrimination and microaggressions among Black individuals in Canada","volume":"37","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.111053","article-title":"Perceived racial discrimination, psychosomatic symptoms, and resilience among Black individuals in Canada: A moderated mediation model","volume":"163","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0065","article-title":"Overrepresentation of black children in the child welfare system: A systematic review to understand and better act","volume":"105714","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0070","series-title":"How to provide anti-racist mental health care","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104659","article-title":"Racial disparities in child welfare in Ontario (Canada) and training on ethnocultural diversity: An innovative mixed-methods study","volume":"108","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0080","article-title":"The seven reasons why Black children are overrepresented in the child welfare system in Ontario (Canada): A qualitative study from the perspectives of caseworkers and community facilitators","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0085","series-title":"Addressing disproportionality, disparity and discrimination in child welfare data on services provided to Black African Caribbean Canadian families and children","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/10428232.2012.719119","article-title":"Beyond child protection: Afro-Caribbean service users of child welfare","volume":"23","author":"Clarke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Progressive Human Services"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00545","article-title":"Determinants of mental illness among humanitarian migrants: Longitudinal analysis of findings from the first three waves of a large cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716220980329","article-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparities in the child welfare system: Why do they exist, and what can be done to address them?","volume":"692","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82479-2_10","article-title":"The causes and consequences of racial disproportionality and disparities","volume":"14","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment: Contemporary Issues in Research and Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2013-001947","article-title":"Culture and behaviour in the English National Health Service: Overview of lessons from a large multimethod study","volume":"23","author":"Dixon-Woods","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Quality & Safety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9040","series-title":"Young people in out-of-home care: Findings from the Ontario Looking after Children project","author":"Flynn","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","article-title":"When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials - A practical guide with flowcharts","volume":"17","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Medical Research Methodology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.25071\/1929-8471.87","article-title":"A critical analysis of the Assessment and Action Record (AAR) documentation: Examining the educational experiences of Black youth-in-care in Ontario","volume":"11","author":"Kikulwe","year":"2021","journal-title":"INYI Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.09.027","article-title":"Factors associated with racial differences in child welfare investigative decision-making in Ontario, Canada","volume":"73","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb9050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.04.110","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of anxiety symptoms among Black people in Canada: A significant role for everyday racial discrimination and racial microaggressions","volume":"308","author":"Kogan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0130","first-page":"59","article-title":"Visible minority, aboriginal, and caucasian children investigated by Canadian protective services","volume":"87","author":"Lavergne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0135","series-title":"Logistic random effects regression models: A comparison of statistical packages for binary and ordinal outcomes","author":"Li","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0140","series-title":"Ontario looking after children (OnLAC) 2020 provincial report","author":"Miller","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0145","series-title":"Prepared for the Ontario Looking After Children Project by User\u2019s Manual for the","author":"Miller","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0150","series-title":"One vision one voice changing the Ontario Child Welfare System to better serve African Canadians practice framework part 2. Practice framework part 2: Race equity practices","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0155","series-title":"Eligibility spectrum. Revised version","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.18357\/ijcyfs23\/420117763","article-title":"Immediate response: Addressing anti-native and anti-black racism in child welfare","volume":"2","author":"Pon","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105395","article-title":"Experiences and well-being among indigenous former youth in care within Canada","volume":"123","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0175","series-title":"FAMILY COURT REVIEW","article-title":"ASSESSING THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP IN PARENTING CAPACITY EVALUATIONS: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ATTACHMENT RESEARCH","volume":"Vol. 45, Issue 2","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2010.00950.x","article-title":"Access to health-care in Canadian immigrants: A longitudinal study of the National Population Health Survey","volume":"19","author":"Setia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health and Social Care in the Community"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0185","series-title":"Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7870\/cjcmh-2021-007","article-title":"A scoping review of parenting programs for indigenous people in Canada: What approaches are being applied in indigenous communities?","volume":"40","author":"Toombs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12430","article-title":"First nations parenting and child reunification: Identifying strengths, barriers, and community needs within the child welfare system","volume":"23","author":"Toombs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child and Family Social Work"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423001382?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423001382?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:27:41Z","timestamp":1758936461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423001382"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0145213423001382"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reasons for admission to service and overrepresentation of Black youth in the child welfare system in Ontario, Canada: Does race matter?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106157","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106157"}}