{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:13:33Z","timestamp":1786986813903,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022S1A5A2A03055622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022S1A5A2A03055622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T07:05:11Z","timestamp":1683875111000},"page":"106231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Event history analysis on racial disparities in the path to adoption for Black and White children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"141","author":[{"given":"Minhae","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Harlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jungjoon","family":"Ihm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0005","series-title":"Event history analysis: Regression for longitudinal event data","volume":"46","author":"Allison","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0010","series-title":"Sage University papers series on quantitative applications in the social sciences","article-title":"Missing data","volume":"136","author":"Allison","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.03.018","article-title":"Racialized perceptions and child neglect","volume":"34","author":"Ards","year":"2012","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0020","first-page":"285","article-title":"Effects of age and race on the odds of adoption versus remaining in long-term out-of-home care","volume":"76","author":"Barth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0025","article-title":"Research to consider while effectively re-designing child welfare services","author":"Barth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research on Social Work Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/18.3.139","article-title":"Timing is everything: An analysis of the time to adoption and legalization","volume":"18","author":"Barth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social Work Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0035","series-title":"The racial disproportionality movement in child welfare: False facts and dangerous directions","author":"Bartholet","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.11.005","article-title":"Multiple child maltreatment recurrence relative to single recurrence and no recurrence","volume":"31","author":"Bae","year":"2009","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105714","article-title":"Overrepresentation of black children in the child welfare system: A systematic review to understand and better act","volume":"120","author":"C\u00e9nat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559506291261","article-title":"Impact of intervention surveillance bias on analyses of child welfare report outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Chaffin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5015","series-title":"Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) FY 2014 data","author":"Children\u2019s Bureau","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0055","series-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparity in child welfare","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0060","unstructured":"Children\u2019s Burea, n.d.Children\u2019s Burea. (n.d.). All-in foster adoption challenge. Child Welfare Information Gateway. https:\/\/www.childwelfare.gov\/topics\/adoption\/allinadoptionchallenge\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5025","article-title":"National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) Agency File FFY 2014 [Dataset]","author":"Children's Bureau","year":"2017","journal-title":"National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0065","series-title":"Reunification: Bringing your children home from foster care","author":"Gateway","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0070","series-title":"Reasonable efforts to preserve or reunify families and achieve permanency for children","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0075","author":"Gateway"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2307\/1602755","article-title":"Meeting the challenges of contemporary foster care","author":"Chipungu","year":"2004","journal-title":"The Future of Children"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X211001090","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and repeat offending in juvenile delinquents: A propensity score matched-control study","volume":"54","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Youth & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2005.08.007","article-title":"Leaving foster care \u2014 The influence of child and case characteristics on foster care exit rates","volume":"28","author":"Connell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1086\/604034","article-title":"Factors associated with the reunification of foster children with their families","volume":"68","author":"Courtney","year":"1994","journal-title":"Social Service Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-7409(96)00008-4","article-title":"Comparing the timing of exits from substitute care","volume":"18","author":"Courtney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0105","series-title":"Handbook of child maltreatment","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7208-3_8","article-title":"The evolving understanding of disproportionality and disparities in child welfare","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716220980329","article-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparities in the child welfare system: Why do they exist, and what can be done to address them?","volume":"692","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.04.005","article-title":"Disentangling substantiation: The influence of race, income, and risk on the substantiation decision in child welfare","volume":"33","author":"Dettlaff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1710","article-title":"Racial bias in child protection? A comparison of competing explanations using national data","volume":"127","author":"Drake","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/swra\/22.1.10","article-title":"Factors associated with the discharge of children from foster care","volume":"22","author":"Finch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Social Work Research and Abstracts"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb202305051138595200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(99)00039-3","article-title":"Recurrence of maltreatment: An application of the national child abuse and neglect data system (NCANDS)","volume":"23","author":"Fluke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child abuse & neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00026-4","article-title":"Disproportionate representation of race and ethnicity in child maltreatment: Investigation and victimization","volume":"25","author":"Fluke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0135","series-title":"Disparities and disproportionality in child welfare: Analysis of the research","author":"Fluke","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2013.818087","article-title":"Service referral patterns among black and white families involved with child protective services","volume":"7","author":"Font","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Public Child Welfare"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1300\/J285v05n03_02","article-title":"Guide for effectively recruiting African American adoptive families","volume":"5","author":"Hamm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Multicultural Social Work"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00029-X","article-title":"The interaction of race, ethnicity, and family structure with respect to the timing of family reunification","volume":"25","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2007.09.006","article-title":"Decision points in child welfare: An action research model to address disproportionality","volume":"30","author":"Harris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00341-1","article-title":"Child neglect: Developmental issues and outcomes\u2606","volume":"26","author":"Hildyard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0165","series-title":"Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of black children in the system","first-page":"215","article-title":"The role of race in parental reunification","author":"Hill","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0170","series-title":"Synthesis of research on disproportionality in child welfare: An update","author":"Hill","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0175","series-title":"An analysis of racial\/ethnic disproportionality and disparity at the national, state, and county levels","author":"Hill","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-006-9085-2","article-title":"Factors predicting family reunification for African American, Latino, Asian and White families in the child welfare system","volume":"16","author":"Hines","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/43.2.104","article-title":"Promoting same-race adoption for children of color","volume":"43","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1111\/fare.12692","article-title":"Family functioning and racial socialization in transracial adoptive families","volume":"71","author":"Hrapczynski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.013","article-title":"Repeat reports among cases reported for child neglect: A scoping review","volume":"92","author":"Jonson-Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559512462452","article-title":"Neglect subtypes, race, and poverty: Individual, family, and service characteristics","volume":"18","author":"Jonson-Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(00)00237-4","article-title":"The path to adoption for children of color","volume":"25","author":"Kapp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0205","series-title":"Black children continue to be disproportionately represented in foster care","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.02.021","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparity in child welfare systems: A longitudinal study utilizing the disparity index (DI)","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.01.003","article-title":"Disproportionate representation of african-american children in foster care: Secondary analysis of the National Child Abuse and neglect data system, 2005","volume":"32","author":"Knott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104894","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disproportionality in reunification across US child welfare systems","volume":"114","author":"LaBrenz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2004.03.011","article-title":"An event history analysis of recurrent child maltreatment reports in Florida","volume":"28","author":"Lipien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2004.02.002","article-title":"Race, ethnicity, and case outcomes in child protective services","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000388","article-title":"Child protective services decision-making: The role of children\u2019s race and county factors","volume":"90","author":"Maguire-Jack","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/swra\/28.1.42","article-title":"Differential exit rates of minority children in foster care","volume":"28","author":"McMurtry","year":"1992","journal-title":"Social Work Research and Abstracts"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1177\/030857591203600305","article-title":"Transracial adoption policies and practices: The US experience","volume":"36","author":"McRoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adoption & Fostering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1162\/qjec.2008.123.3.1287","article-title":"Women's suffrage, political responsiveness, and child survival in american history","volume":"123","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(03)00028-8","article-title":"Black children and foster care placement in California","volume":"25","author":"Needell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559519879510","article-title":"The effect of CASA on child welfare permanency outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Osborne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2014.08.001","article-title":"The continuing role of material factors in child maltreatment and placement","volume":"41","author":"Pelton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1080\/10911359.2013.809290","article-title":"Historical analysis of the adoption and safe families act of 1997","volume":"23","author":"Phillips","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/15548732.2018.1467354","article-title":"A case study in public child welfare: County-level practices that address racial disparity in foster care placement","volume":"13","author":"Pryce","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Public Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb5020","series-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0275","series-title":"The multiethnic placement act (MEPA): Analysis and trends after 25 years* (No. 162)","author":"Radel","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.09.019","article-title":"Is there a (transracial) adoption achievement gap?: A national longitudinal analysis of adopted children's educational performance","volume":"35","author":"Raleigh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0285","first-page":"151","article-title":"The intersection of race, poverty, and risk","volume":"87","author":"Rivaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/09649069.2014.967991","article-title":"Child protection as surveillance of african american families","volume":"36","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/35.6.528","article-title":"Minority adoptions and agency practices","volume":"35","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2011.03.017","article-title":"New methodology: Measuring racial or ethnic disparities in child welfare","volume":"33","author":"Rolock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2307\/1602403","article-title":"Outcomes of adoption of children with special needs","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Future of Children"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/35.6.532","article-title":"Race, social class and special needs adoption","volume":"35","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0315","first-page":"877","article-title":"The adoption of children from public care: A prospective study of outcome in adolescence","volume":"25","author":"Rushton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0320","first-page":"23","article-title":"Measuring racial disparity in child welfare","volume":"87","author":"Shaw","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2307\/1602405","article-title":"Outcomes of transracial adoption","author":"Silverman","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Future of Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.105361","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic minority children's use of psychiatric emergency care in California's public mental health system","volume":"98","author":"Snowden","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0335","series-title":"A package for survival analysis in R. R package version 3.3-1","author":"Therneau","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0340","series-title":"Child Maltreatment 2020","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0345","series-title":"African American children in foster care","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0350","first-page":"275","article-title":"The multiethnic placement act of 1994: Background, purpose, interpretations and effects of legislation regarding transracial adoption","volume":"20","author":"Wiggins","year":"1996","journal-title":"Law and Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.06.021","article-title":"Family reunification in a social structural context","volume":"33","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0360","series-title":"Racial disparity in foster care admissions","author":"Wulczyn","year":"2007"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.07.012","article-title":"Examining racial disproportionality in child protective services case decisions","volume":"34","author":"Font","year":"2012","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse &amp; Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423002120?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423002120?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:29:20Z","timestamp":1758936560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423002120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0145213423002120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Event history analysis on racial disparities in the path to adoption for Black and White children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106231","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106231"}}