{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:16:00Z","timestamp":1793967360472,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T09:43:41Z","timestamp":1695116621000},"page":"106283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: An update for 2023"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Kellogg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Farst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1924-1","article-title":"Prevalent herpes simplex virus-2 increases the risk of incident bacterial vaginosis in women from South Africa","volume":"22","author":"Abbai","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415616038","article-title":"Prevalent bacterial vaginosis infection\u2014A risk factor for incident sexually transmitted infections in women in Durban, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Abbai","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of STDs and AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559501006001003","article-title":"Evolution of a classification scale: Medical evaluation of suspected child sexual abuse","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Maltreatment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2004.03.044","article-title":"Medical evaluation of suspected child sexual abuse","volume":"17","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32830866f4","article-title":"Guidelines for medical care of children evaluated for suspected sexual abuse: An update for 2008","volume":"20","author":"Adams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2011.606107","article-title":"Medical evaluation of suspected child sexual abuse: 2011 update","volume":"20","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Child Sexual Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.12.011","article-title":"Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: An update for 2018","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1083-3188(01)00126-7","article-title":"Adolescent sexual assault: Documentation of acute injuries using photo-colposcopy","volume":"14","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0932-8610(19)80070-1","article-title":"A proposed system for the classification of anogenital findings in children with suspected sexual abuse","volume":"5","author":"Adams","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adolescent and Pediatric Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.3.310","article-title":"Examination findings in legally confirmed child sexual abuse: it\u2019s normal to be normal","volume":"94","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2006.10.001","article-title":"Guidelines for medical care of children who may have been sexually abused","volume":"20","author":"Adams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.01.007","article-title":"Updated guidelines for the medical assessment and Care of Children who may Have Been Sexually Abused","volume":"29","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311989","article-title":"The value of paediatric assessment in historic child sexual abuse","volume":"102","author":"Al-Jilaihawi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e403","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3053","article-title":"Reports of repetitive penile-genital penetration often have no definitive evidence of penetration","volume":"124","author":"Anderst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14650","article-title":"Anogenital warts and relationship to child sexual abuse: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Awasthi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Dermatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2015.08.010","article-title":"Genital HPV in children and adolescents: Does sexual activity make a difference?","volume":"29","author":"Bacopoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2008.00239.x","article-title":"Relationship of genital injuries and age in adolescent and young adult rape survivors","volume":"37","author":"Baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing: JOGNN"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)90674-2","article-title":"Risk of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis by mode of delivery","volume":"29","author":"Bell","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of Infection"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)70331-0","article-title":"A case-control study of anatomic changes resulting from sexual abuse","volume":"182","author":"Berenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2022.105676","article-title":"Child sexual abuse detection in the pediatric emergency room","volume":"129","author":"Bravo-Queipo-de-Llano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2015.06.004","article-title":"Injuries and allegations of oral rape: A retrospective review of patients presenting to a London sexual assault referral Centre","volume":"34","author":"Brew-Graves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002306","article-title":"Anal findings in sexual abuse of children (a descriptive study)","volume":"48","author":"Bruni","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.12.011","article-title":"Vaginal dysbiosis and the risk of human papillomavirus and cervical cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5758387","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5758387","article-title":"Extragenital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A review of the literature","volume":"2016","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e325","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13543","article-title":"Anogenital warts in children: Analysis of a cohort of 34 prepubertal children","volume":"35","author":"Costa-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1487","article-title":"Oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect","volume":"140","author":"Fisher-Owens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2016.05.001","article-title":"Genital findings in cases of child sexual abuse: Genital vs vaginal penetration","volume":"29","author":"Gallion","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2021.102176","article-title":"Hymenal transections in children found by photocolposcopy in suspected sexual abuse cases is associated with a history of bleeding","volume":"80","author":"Garfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0804","article-title":"Value of follow-up examinations of children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse and assault","volume":"129","author":"Gavril","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl_2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0150","first-page":"S112","volume":"74","author":"Geisler","year":"2022","journal-title":"America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.03.031","article-title":"The complex experience of child pornography survivors","volume":"80","author":"Gewirtz-Meydan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.12113","article-title":"Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping of cutaneous warts in Greek children","volume":"30","author":"Giannaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Dermatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3037","article-title":"Collection of forensic evidence from pediatric victims of sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Girardet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2947","article-title":"Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in suspected child victims of sexual assault","volume":"124","author":"Girardet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4138","article-title":"Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: Health care needs of victims","volume":"135","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000000602","article-title":"A short screening tool to identify victims of child sex trafficking in the health care setting","volume":"34","author":"Greenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0185","series-title":"UpToDate","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the newborn","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2022"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir700","article-title":"Sexual assault and abuse of children","volume":"53","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00024-09","article-title":"Medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children","volume":"23","author":"Hammerschlag","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1258\/msl.2012.012015","article-title":"Sexual assault in prepubertal girls: \u201cIt is normal to be normal\u201d - or is it? Evidence of vaginal penetration in prepubertal girls","volume":"52","author":"Hariton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medicine, Science, and the Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15051","article-title":"Non-sexual transmission of concurrent genital gonorrhea","volume":"64","author":"Hasui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics International: Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2018.03.004","volume":"25","author":"Hauet-Wiedemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives de pediatrie: organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00339-3","article-title":"Children referred for possible sexual abuse: Medical findings in 2384 children","volume":"26","author":"Heger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-128","article-title":"Anal signs of child sexual abuse: A case\u2013control study","volume":"14","author":"Hobbs","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-3938.2011.01131.x","article-title":"Pediatric sexual assault nurse examiner care: Trace forensic evidence, ano-genital injury, and judicial outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Hornor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5152\/TurkArchPediatr.2022.21186","article-title":"Evaluation of juvenile and adolescent sexual abuse victims: A retrospective study","volume":"57","author":"H\u00f6s\u00fckler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turkish Archives of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2134(92)90086-7","article-title":"Gardnerella vaginalis infection and sexual contact in female children","volume":"16","author":"Ingram","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb2000","first-page":"133","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in the pediatric patient","volume":"46","author":"Jain","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Columbia Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-1741","article-title":"The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected","volume":"132","author":"Jenny","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1197\/S1069-6563(03)00555-4","article-title":"Anogenital injuries in adolescents after consensual sexual intercourse","volume":"10","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine: Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001652","article-title":"A comprehensive pediatric acute sexual assault protocol: From emergency department to outpatient follow-up","volume":"37","author":"Kaplan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001014","article-title":"Genital and Extragenital gonorrhea and Chlamydia in children and adolescents evaluated for sexual abuse","volume":"34","author":"Kellogg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric Emergency Care"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.1.e67","article-title":"Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: \u201cnormal\u201d does not mean \u201cnothing happened\u201d","volume":"113","author":"Kellogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00808.x","article-title":"Diagnostic findings in alleged sexual abuse: Symptoms have no predictive value","volume":"42","author":"Kelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.12.007","article-title":"Diagnostic agreement when comparing still and video imaging for the medical evaluation of child sexual abuse","volume":"52","author":"Killough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31829a0f46","article-title":"Factors that influence the variability in findings of anogenital injury in adolescent\/adult sexual assault victims: A review of the forensic literature","volume":"34","author":"Laitinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.06.025","article-title":"Macroscopically detected female genital injury after consensual and non-consensual vaginal penetration: A prospective comparison study","volume":"20","author":"Lincoln","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922818775744","article-title":"Media-facilitated sexual assault in children and teens","volume":"57","author":"MacPherson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.5314","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple forms of sexting behavior among youth: A systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"172","author":"Madigan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0964","article-title":"Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: A descriptive study","volume":"119","author":"McCann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-014-0255-z","article-title":"Quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine (gardasil(\u00ae)): A review of its use in the prevention of premalignant anogenital lesions, cervical and anal cancers, and genital warts","volume":"74","author":"McCormack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.08.006","article-title":"Child sexual abuse","volume":"217","author":"Modelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311121","article-title":"Child sexual assault reported to an acute sexual assault referral Centre in London","volume":"102","author":"Morgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003215","article-title":"Acquired syphilis by nonsexual contact in childhood","volume":"40","author":"Moscatelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.011","article-title":"Anal findings in children with and without probable anal penetration: A retrospective study of 1115 children referred for suspected sexual abuse","volume":"37","author":"Myhre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/JNSM.JNSM_33_18","article-title":"Prepubertal vulvovaginitis","volume":"2","author":"Neyazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Nature and Science of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2018.1474189","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of genital injuries among adolescent rape victims attending Enugu state university teaching hospital, south East Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Ohayi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology: The Journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.10.036","article-title":"Comparative prevalence of anogenital injury following sexual assault in women who have had recent consensual sexual contact","volume":"51","author":"Ouellette","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.79.4.276","article-title":"Is HSV serology useful for the management of first episode genital herpes?","volume":"79","author":"Page","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01433-19","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections in cases of suspected child sexual abuse","volume":"58","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0350","first-page":"137","article-title":"A case of acute gonococcal conjunctivitis in an unusual age group","volume":"13","author":"Rana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology: A Biannual Peer-reviewed Academic Journal of the Nepal Ophthalmic Society: NEPJOPH"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2003.12.012","article-title":"Genital trauma associated with forced digital penetration","volume":"22","author":"Rossman","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.10.059","article-title":"Colposcopic genital findings in female sexual assault victims: Relationship to prior sexual intercourse experience","volume":"45","author":"Rossman","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370240044034","article-title":"Prospective study of perinatal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis","volume":"255","author":"Schachter","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(75)90422-3","article-title":"Petechial hemorrhages of the soft palate secondary to fellatio","volume":"40","author":"Schlesinger","year":"1975","journal-title":"Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.10.006","article-title":"Anogenital findings in 3569 pediatric examinations for sexual abuse\/assault","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(03)00912-8","article-title":"Physical injury after sexual assault: Findings of a large case series","volume":"190","author":"Sugar","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-2024-5","article-title":"Congenital funnel anus in children: Associated anomalies, surgical management and outcome","volume":"23","author":"Suomalainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatric Surgery International"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000738","article-title":"Comparative study of acute anogenital injury between consensual and nonconsensual Postmenarche adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Suttipasit","year":"2022","journal-title":"The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3498","article-title":"Forensic evidence collection and DNA identification in acute child sexual assault","volume":"128","author":"Thackeray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.07.004","article-title":"Sexting and young adolescents: Associations with sexual abuse and intimate partner violence","volume":"32","author":"Titchen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-2996-7","article-title":"Physical symptoms in very young children assessed for sexual abuse: A mixed method analysis from the ASAC study","volume":"176","author":"Vrolijk-Bosschaart","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.123604","article-title":"The timing of medical examination following an allegation of sexual abuse: Is this an emergency?","volume":"93","author":"Watkeys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcfm.2006.02.006","article-title":"Adolescent complainants of sexual assault; injury patterns in virgin and non-virgin groups","volume":"13","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7004a1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections treatment guidelines, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Workowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports"},{"issue":"RR-03","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0430","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Workowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR. Recommendations and Reports: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Recommendations and Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2018.05.009","article-title":"Male sexual assault: Physical injury and vulnerability in 103 presentations","volume":"58","author":"Zilkens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.03.013","article-title":"Genital and anal injuries: A cross-sectional Australian study of 1266 women alleging recent sexual assault","volume":"275","author":"Zilkens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0325","first-page":"133","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in the pediatric patient","volume":"46","author":"Nita Jain","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Columbia Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.033902","article-title":"Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992\u20132006","volume":"85","author":"Ryder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423002648?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423002648?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:30:10Z","timestamp":1758936610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423002648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S0145213423002648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Interpretation of medical findings in suspected child sexual abuse: An update for 2023","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106283","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106283"}}