{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:08:20Z","timestamp":1782493700603,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T03:51:11Z","timestamp":1696996271000},"page":"106441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Longing to belong: The ambiguous loss of Indigenous fostered\/adopted individuals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"148","author":[{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Simpson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Landers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"White Hawk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/02732173.2016.1198950","article-title":"The effects of adoption openness and type on the mental health, delinquency, and family relationships of adopted youth","volume":"36","author":"Agnich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sociological Spectrum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000231","article-title":"Alcohol and drug use among internationally adopted adolescents: Results from a Norwegian population-based study","volume":"88","author":"Askeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0015","unstructured":"Atwood, B. A. (2008). Achieving permanency for American Indian and Alaska Native children: Lessons from tribal traditions. Capital University Law Review, 37, 239\u2013292."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. Current Epidemiology Reports, 7(4), 334\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40471-020-00252-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104519858117","article-title":"Adoption-related feelings, loss, and curiosity about origins in adopted adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Barroso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2009.00567.x","article-title":"Using Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) to target health disparities in families","volume":"58","author":"Berge","year":"2009","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.7202\/1068363ar","article-title":"Familial attendance at Indian residential school and subsequent involvement in the child welfare system among indigenous adults born during the sixties scoop era","volume":"15","author":"Bombay","year":"2020","journal-title":"First Peoples Child & Family Review: An Interdisciplinary Journal Honouring the Voices, Perspectives, and Knowledges of First Peoples"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0045","unstructured":"Boss, P. (1999). Ambiguous loss: Learning to live with unresolved grief. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-2445.2004.00037.x","article-title":"Ambiguous loss research, theory, and practice: Reflections after 9\/11","volume":"66","author":"Boss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0055","unstructured":"Boss, P. (2006). Loss, trauma, and resilience: Therapeutic work with ambiguous loss. W. W. Norton & Company."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3729.2007.00444.x","article-title":"Ambiguous loss theory: Challenges for scholars and practitioners","volume":"56","author":"Boss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12152","article-title":"The context and process of theory development: The story of ambiguous loss","volume":"8","author":"Boss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12005","article-title":"The myth of closure","volume":"51","author":"Boss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/02682621.2014.933573","article-title":"Ambiguous loss: A complicated type of grief when loved ones disappear","volume":"33","author":"Boss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bereavement Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000196","article-title":"Conceptual and design thinking for thematic analysis","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Qualitative Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2020.1805550","article-title":"The online survey as a qualitative research tool","volume":"24","author":"Braun","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0105","first-page":"56","article-title":"The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief","volume":"8","author":"Brave Heart","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0110","first-page":"275","article-title":"Who is an Indian \u2013 Searching for an answer to the question at the core of federal Indian law","volume":"34","author":"Brownell","year":"2000","journal-title":"University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0115","series-title":"Making sense of death: Spiritual, pastoral, and personal aspects of death, dying, and bereavement","first-page":"137","article-title":"Native American grief and loss: Conceptualizations of disenfranchised grief and historical trauma at individual and community levels","author":"Byers","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-019-09676-w","article-title":"(Re)conceptualizing neglect: Considering the overrepresentation of indigenous children in child welfare systems in Canada","volume":"13","author":"Caldwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/10.9.545","article-title":"Connectedness and health for First Nation adoptees","volume":"10","author":"Carriere","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics and Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.7202\/1069526ar","article-title":"Promising practice for maintaining identities in First Nation adoption","volume":"3","author":"Carriere","year":"2007","journal-title":"First Peoples Child and Family Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0135","first-page":"61","article-title":"Maintaining identities: The soul work of adoption and Aboriginal children","volume":"6","author":"Carriere","year":"2008","journal-title":"P\u00edmat\u00eds\u00edw\u00edn: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/030857590002400206","article-title":"Loss and grief in adoption: The impact of contact","volume":"24","author":"Courtney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adoption and Fostering"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.04.028","article-title":"An Indian child welfare perspective on disproportionality in child welfare","volume":"34","author":"Crofoot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0150","series-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparities in the child welfare system","article-title":"Racial disproportionality and disparities among American Indian and Alaska Native populations","author":"Cross","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0155","unstructured":"Deloney, W. (2007). Unsealing adoption records: The right to privacy versus the right of adult adoptees to find their birthparents. Whittier Journal of Child and Family Advocacy, 7, 117."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb1000","unstructured":"Doka, K. (Ed.). (1989). Disenfranchised grief: Recognizing hidden sorrow. Lexington Books."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 215\u2013229.","DOI":"10.1348\/014466599162782"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12195","article-title":"Transracial adoptees bridging heritage and national cultures: Parental socialisation, ethnic identity and self-esteem","volume":"50","author":"Ferrari","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0170","author":"First Nations Information Governance Centre"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert, K. R. (1996). \u201cWe\u2019ve had the same loss, why don\u2019t we have the same grief?\u201d Loss and differential grief in families. Death Studies, 20(3), 269\u2013283.","DOI":"10.1080\/07481189608252781"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/genealogy6020033","article-title":"The complexities of mixed families: Transracial adoption as a humanitarian project","volume":"6","author":"Goss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genealogy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0308575914565082","article-title":"\u2018Walking between worlds\u2019: The experiences of New Zealand M\u0101ori cross-cultural adoptees","volume":"39","author":"Haenga-Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adoption and Fostering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09674-5","article-title":"Suicide, psychiatric illness, and social maladjustment in intercountry adoptees in Sweden: A cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Hjern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holkup, P. A., Tripp-Reimer, T., Salois, E. M., & Weinert, C. (2004). Community-based participatory research: An approach to intervention research with a Native American community. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 27(3), 162\u2013175.","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-200407000-00002"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/a010522","article-title":"Intercountry, transracial adoption and ethnic identity: A Korean example","volume":"43","author":"Huh","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0220","unstructured":"Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. (1978). Hearings before the subcommittee on Indian Affairs and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives; Ninety-fifth Congress, second session; on S. 1214; hearings held in Washington, D.C.; February 9 and March 9, 1978."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0225","unstructured":"Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (2008). Critical issues in developing and following community-based participatory research principles. In M. Minkler, & N. Wallerstein (Eds.), Community-based participatory research for health (pp. 47\u201362). Jossey-Bass."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1353\/aiq.2013.0014","article-title":"Remembering the \u201cforgotten child\u201d: The American Indian child welfare crisis of the 1960s and 1970s","volume":"37","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Indian Quarterly"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1044389418799937","article-title":"Ambiguous loss and its disenfranchisement: The need for social work intervention","volume":"100","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/585124","article-title":"Adolescent identity development in foster care","volume":"46","author":"Kools","year":"1997","journal-title":"Family Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0245","unstructured":"Kuhns, J. (1994). The sealed adoption records controversy: Breaking down the walls of secrecy. Golden Gate University Law Review, 24, 259."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2016.10.043","article-title":"Forgotten children: A critical review of the reunification of American Indian children in the child welfare system","volume":"71","author":"Landers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0260","article-title":"Abuse after abuse: The recurrent maltreatment of American Indian children in foster care and adoption","volume":"112","author":"Landers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse and Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0265","article-title":"I can still hear my baby crying: The ambiguous loss of American Indian\/Alaska Native birthmothers","author":"Landers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0270","first-page":"359","article-title":"Finding their way home: Factors associated with reunification for American Indian and White adults","volume":"82","author":"Landers","year":"2017","journal-title":"First Peoples Child and Family Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5820\/aian.2402.2017.54","article-title":"American Indian and White adoptees: Are there mental health differences?","volume":"24","author":"Landers","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0280","first-page":"1","article-title":"My relatives are waiting: Barriers to tribal enrollment of fostered\/adopted American Indians","author":"Landers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb2000","first-page":"1","article-title":"The hole in my heart is closing: Indigenous relative reunification identity verification","author":"Landers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.7202\/1077259ar","article-title":"Finding their way home: The reunification of first Nations adoptees","volume":"10","author":"Landers","year":"2015","journal-title":"First Peoples Child and Family Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2018.09.019","article-title":"Does reunification matter? Differences in the social connection to tribe and tribal enrollment of American Indian fostered and adopted adults","volume":"94","author":"Landers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104503008003005","article-title":"The emotional tasks of moving from fostering to adoption: Transitions, attachment, separation and loss","volume":"8","author":"Lanyado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/01926180601057499","article-title":"Foster children\u2019s expressions of ambiguous loss","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Family Therapy"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12288","article-title":"Decolonizing mental health services for indigenous clients: A training program for mental health professionals","volume":"62","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0310","first-page":"1","article-title":"The face of grief in foster care","author":"Look","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Humanistic Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0315","author":"McGinnis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0320","series-title":"Research methods in family therapy","first-page":"100","article-title":"Action research methods in family therapy","author":"Mendenhall","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105445","article-title":"Rediscovering latent trauma: An adopted adult\u2019s perspective","volume":"130","author":"Merritt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12151","article-title":"The family dance: Ambiguous loss, meaning making, and the psychological family in foster care: The family dance","volume":"8","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory & Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-017-0502-8","article-title":"\u201cNo one acknowledged my loss and hurt\u201d: Non-death loss, grief, and trauma in foster care","volume":"35","author":"Mitchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-018-0541-9","article-title":"Racial\u2013ethnic socialization and transracial adoptee outcomes: A systematic research synthesis","volume":"35","author":"Montgomery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/000276402236676","article-title":"Mourning and meaning","volume":"46","author":"Neimeyer","year":"2002","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847","article-title":"Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria","volume":"16","author":"Nowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Qualitative Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0360","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stories of aboriginal transracial adoption","volume":"18","author":"Nuttgens","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Qualitative Report"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/117718010800400206","article-title":"Forcible removals: The case of Australian Aboriginal and Native American children","volume":"4","author":"Palmiste","year":"2008","journal-title":"AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.02.022","article-title":"Identifying risk factors for child maltreatment in Alaska: A population-based approach","volume":"40","author":"Parrish","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00441.x","article-title":"Reconstruction of adoption issues: Delineation of five phases among adult adoptees","volume":"85","author":"Penny","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling & Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0380","series-title":"Proceedings of the national conference of charities and corrections","first-page":"45","article-title":"The advantages of mingling Indians with Whites","author":"Pratt","year":"1892"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0385","author":"QSR International"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.7202\/1069377ar","article-title":"Reflections on intergenerational trauma: Healing as a critical intervention","volume":"3","author":"Quinn","year":"2007","journal-title":"First Peoples Child and Family Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105395","article-title":"Experiences and well-being among indigenous former youth in care within Canada","volume":"123","author":"Quinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0400","series-title":"Family preservation: Concepts in American Indian communities","author":"Red Horse","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325017700701","article-title":"Conducting secondary analysis of qualitative data: Should we, can we, and how?","volume":"18","author":"Ruggiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qualitative Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0410","article-title":"Epistemic trauma and transracial adoption: Author (iz) ing folkways of knowledge and healing","volume":"130","author":"Samuels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2009.05.008","article-title":"Ambiguous loss of home: The experience of familial (im)permanence among young adults with foster care backgrounds","volume":"31","author":"Samuels","year":"2009","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.03.005","article-title":"\u201cWhat doesn\u2019t kill you makes you stronger\u201d: Survivalist self-reliance as resilience and risk among young adults aging out of foster care","volume":"30","author":"Samuels","year":"2008","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silverman, B. S. (2001). The winds of change in adoption laws: Should adoptees have access to adoption records? Family Court Review, 39(1), 85\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.174-1617.2001.tb00596.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb4000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11771801231188167","article-title":"I did not belong: The grief and identity development of fostered and adopted American Indian individuals","author":"Simpson","year":"2023","journal-title":"AlterNative"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb3000","unstructured":"Sindelar, R. (2004). Negotiating Indian identity: Native Americans and transracial adoption (Publication No. 1423466) [Loyola University Chicago]. ProQuest Dissertation and Theses Global."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18584\/iipj.2021.12.1.10818","article-title":"A review of literature on the involvement of children from Indigenous communities in Anglo child welfare systems: 1973-2018","volume":"12","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"The International Indigenous Policy Journal"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.10.007","article-title":"Substantiating neglect of First Nations and non-Aboriginal children","volume":"35","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.11.010","article-title":"Understanding the investigation-stage overrepresentation of first nations children in the child welfare system: An analysis of the First Nations component of the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect 2008","volume":"37","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.592","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in young adult intercountry adoptees: An epidemiological study","volume":"162","author":"Tieman","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1912.2009.tb00102.x","article-title":"North America\u2019s native peoples: A social justice and trauma counseling approach","volume":"37","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0455","author":"United States Census Bureau"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2008.03.010","article-title":"Former foster youth remember multiple placement moves: A journey of loss and hope","volume":"20","author":"Unrau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0465","article-title":"The intersection of race and adoption: Experiences of transracial and international adoptees with microaggressions","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wildeman, C., Emanuel, N., Leventhal, J. M., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Waldfogel, J., & Lee, H. (2014). The prevalence of confirmed maltreatment among US children, 2004 to 2011. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(8), 706\u2013713.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.410"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1093\/bjsw\/bcac204","article-title":"Sibling separation: Learning from those with former foster care experiences","volume":"53","author":"Wojciak","year":"2023","journal-title":"The British Journal of Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yi, Y., Edwards, F. R., & Wildeman, C. (2020). Cumulative prevalence of confirmed maltreatment and foster care placement for US children by race\/ethnicity, 2011\u20132016. American Journal of Public Health, 110(5), 704\u2013709.","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305554"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-019-00634-4","article-title":"A systematic review of Indian boarding schools and attachment in the context of substance use studies of Native Americans","volume":"7","author":"Zephier Olson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1080\/10926755.2019.1675837","article-title":"\u201cYour skin\u2019s not as good as us\u201d: Microaggressions among transracially-adopted children from China","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adoption Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423004295?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423004295?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T01:30:25Z","timestamp":1758936625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423004295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["S0145213423004295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Longing to belong: The ambiguous loss of Indigenous fostered\/adopted individuals","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106441","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106441"}}