{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1785424231846,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015995","name":"Nord universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T05:19:48Z","timestamp":1697519988000},"page":"106504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["\u2018It's not like we use the word emotional abuse\u2019. A study on Norwegian child welfare workers understanding of emotional abuse"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Ness","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0005","series-title":"Vold mot barn og unge i n\u00e6re relasjoner","author":"Aadnanes","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1177\/1473325016683245","article-title":"Young people and young adults\u2019 experiences with child abuse and maltreatment: Meaning making, conceptualizations, and dealing with violence","volume":"17","author":"Aadnanes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qualitative Social Work"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5324\/barn.v39i2-3.3780","article-title":"Barnesentrering og risikoorientering i det norske barnevernet: Utfordringer i profesjonell praksis i saker med alvorlig vold eller omsorgssvikt","volume":"39","author":"Aadnanes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Barn. Forskning om Barn og Barndom i Norden"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0020","unstructured":"Aakvaag, H.F., Thoresen, S. & \u00d8verlien, C. (2016). Vold og overgrep mot barn og unge \u2013 definisjoner og typologisering. I C. \u00d8verlien, M.-I. Hauge & J.-H. Schulz (red.), Barn, vold og traumer. M\u00f8ter med unge i utsatte livssituasjoner. (s. 265-280) Oslo: Universitetsforlaget."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott, A. (1988). The system of professions. An essay on the division of expert labor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. s. 1-113.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226189666.001.0001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0030","series-title":"Kunnskapsoppsummering","author":"Backe-Hansen","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.104941","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment definition and reporting barriers among American professionals in the field of child abuse","volume":"114","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104611","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment: An international challenge to children\u2019s safety and wellbeing","volume":"110","author":"Brassard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0045","first-page":"18","article-title":"Is psychological maltreatment as harmful as other forms of child abuse and neglect? A research review","volume":"31","author":"Brassard","year":"2019","journal-title":"APSAC Advisor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0050","unstructured":"Brassard, M. R., Hart, S.N., Baker, A. J. L., & Chiel, Z. A. (2017). APSAC monograph on psychological maltreatment. www.apsac.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806","article-title":"Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis","volume":"11","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0065","series-title":"Preventing child maltreatment","author":"Butchart","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0070","series-title":"Human rights in child protection: Implications for professional practice and policy (pp. 185\u2013208)","article-title":"In-home services: A rights-based professional practice meets children's and families' needs","author":"Christiansen","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0075","series-title":"N\u00e5r barnevernet unders\u00f8ker (Delrapport 4 fra prosjektet \u00abBarnevernets unders\u00f8kelsesarbeid \u2013 fra bekymring til beslutning\u00bb)","author":"Christiansen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5324\/barn.v37i3-4.3383","article-title":"Ivaretakelse av barns rettigheter i sosialt arbeid med familier","volume":"37","author":"Ellingsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Barn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2015.01.010","article-title":"Why should child welfare pay more attention to emotional maltreatment?","volume":"50","author":"English","year":"2015","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12966","article-title":"Family involvement in child welfare services: The association between socio-economic status and self-reported parenting practices","volume":"28","author":"F\u00e6velen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0095","series-title":"Children\u2019s rights in Norway: An implementation paradox? (pp. 107\u2013135)","article-title":"Right to protection","author":"Falch-Eriksen","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.001","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"56","author":"Felitti","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"100","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.18261\/tnb.100.1.5","article-title":"Den dagen barnevernet ringte\u2026 En kvalitativ unders\u00f8kelse av foreldres opplevelser i m\u00f8te med barnevernet ved mistanke om vold mot barn","volume":"1","author":"Feyling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Norges barnvern"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0110","series-title":"Child protection systems: International trends and orientations","author":"Gilbert","year":"2011"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.08.002","article-title":"How to deal with emotional abuse and neglect\u2014Further development of a conceptual framework (FRAMEA)","volume":"35","author":"Glaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0120","series-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment of children","author":"Hart","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0125","series-title":"The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 125\u2013144)","article-title":"Psychological maltreatment","author":"Hart","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0130","series-title":"Beslutninger i barnevernet (pp. 48\u201361)","article-title":"Kunnskapens makt i beslutninger","author":"Hennum","year":"2016"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2006.00398.x","article-title":"Research review: Risk and resilience in cases of emotional abuse","volume":"11","author":"Iawaniec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/13575270701353531","article-title":"Emotionally harmful parenting","volume":"13","author":"Iwaniec","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Care in Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2324","article-title":"Prevalence of intrafamilial child maltreatment in the Nordic countries: A review","volume":"24","author":"Kloppen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0150","series-title":"Barnevernets arbeid med barn og unge som har erfart vold og overgrep I n\u00e6re relasjoner \u2013 En litteraturstudie","author":"Kojan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Judging parental competence: A crosscountry analysis of judicial decision makers' written assessment ofmothers' parenting capacities in newborn removal cases","volume":"2020","author":"Krutzinna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0160","series-title":"The Routledge International Handbook of Domestic Violence and Abuse. Routledge","article-title":"Introduction","volume":"2021","author":"Macy","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0165","series-title":"Fokusgrupper som forskningsmetode for medisin og helsefag","author":"Malterud","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0170","series-title":"Kvalitative forskningsmetoder for medisin og helsefag","author":"Malterud","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0175","series-title":"Measuring and monitoring national prevalence of child maltreatment: A practical handbook","author":"Meinck","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0180","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice and Public Security 2014-2017. Et liv uten vold. Handlingsplan mot vold i n\u00e6re relasjoner 2014\u20132017. https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/no\/dokumenter\/et-liv-uten-vold\/id733697\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0185","series-title":"Discretion in the welfare state","author":"Molander","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0190","series-title":"Effective child protection","author":"Munro","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/cfs.12967","article-title":"A narrow focus in research on emotional abuse: A scoping review of definitions and descriptions on emotional abuse in research on child welfare and social work","volume":"28","author":"Ness","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child & Family Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0200","series-title":"Barnevernspedagog","article-title":"Refleksjon kan v\u00e6re s\u00e5 mangt \u2013 om barnevernspedagogen som reflektert profesjonsut\u00f8ver","volume":"I","author":"Nordstoga","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1080\/02615479.2021.1887117","article-title":"Skills and knowledge not checklists: Social work interventions into childhood emotional abuse","volume":"41","author":"North","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Work Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0215","series-title":"Children and youths\u2019 involvement in child welfare services","author":"Ormstad","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0220","series-title":"Psykisk vold mod b\u00f8rn i hjemmet","author":"Ottosen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0225","series-title":"Vold i hjemmet","author":"\u00d8verlien","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/13691457.2013.829802","article-title":"Child protection systems within the Danish, Finnish, and Norwegian welfare states - time for a child-centric approach?","volume":"17","author":"P\u00f6s\u00f6","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Work"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0235","series-title":"The reflective practitioner. How professionals think in action","author":"Sch\u00f6n","year":"1983"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.18261\/issn.1891-1838-2017-04-03","article-title":"Hvilke former for r\u00e5d og veiledning trengs i barnevernet?","volume":"98","author":"Skilbred & Havnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Norges Barnevern"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0245","series-title":"Child welfare removals by the state: A cross-country analysis of decision-making systems","article-title":"Norway: Child welfare decision-making in cases of removal of children","author":"Skivenes","year":"2017"},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0250","first-page":"518","article-title":"Unseen wounds: The contribution of psychological maltreatment to child and adolescent mental health and risk outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Spinazzola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353","article-title":"The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Stoltenborgh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0260","unstructured":"The Child Welfare Act (2021). Lov om barnevern (barnevernsloven) Barne- og familiedepartementet. (The Child Welfare Act, 2021). https:\/\/lovdata.no\/pro\/NL\/lov\/2021-06-18-97."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.003","article-title":"Emotional abuse in a sample of multiply maltreated, urban young adolescents: Issues of definition and identification","volume":"33","author":"Trickett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0270","series-title":"Qualitative Psychology. A Practical Guide to Research Methods","article-title":"Focus groups","volume":"2015","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2010.12.009","article-title":"Distinguishing between poor\/dysfunctional parenting and child emotional maltreatment","volume":"35","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504_bb0280","series-title":"Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Child Abuse & Neglect"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423004921?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145213423004921?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T13:08:15Z","timestamp":1716037695000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145213423004921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0145213423004921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2134","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"\u2018It's not like we use the word emotional abuse\u2019. A study on Norwegian child welfare workers understanding of emotional abuse","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Child Abuse & Neglect","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2023.106504","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106504"}}